RNA

Question 1

Which 2 processes form the central dogma?

Answer 1

Transcription and translation

Question 2

What are the 3 main classes of RNA?

Answer 2

ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
messenger RNA

Question 3

Which 4 bases make up RNA?

Answer 3

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

Question 4

Which unusual pyrimidine is found in the DHU loop of tRNA?

Answer 4

Dihydrouracil

Question 5

What are the 4 stem-loops of tRNA?

Answer 5

Anticodon loop
DHU loop
TψC loop
Amino acid binding site

Question 6

Which polymerase synthesises all mRNA?

Answer 6

Polymerase II

Question 7

What are the 3 main types of polymerase found in eukaryotes?

Answer 7

Pol I, Pol II, Pol III

Question 8

How can polymerases be distinguished?

Answer 8

By their sensitivity to toxins such as α-amanitin (which is derived from a fungus)

Question 9

What base sequence is important for the binding of Pol II in the promoter region?

Answer 9

TATAT, found around 25 nucleotides before the initiation site for transcription

Question 10

In which transcription factor is the TATA box binding protein found?

Answer 10

TF(II)D

Question 11

What are the 2 types of transcription factor?

Answer 11

General
Specific

Question 12

What is the function of TF(II)D?

Answer 12

It puts a kink in the DNA, determining the transcriptional start and direction of transcription. It also provides a landing platform for further transcription factors and for RNA polymerase

Question 13

What are the 2 strands during transcription?

Answer 13

Coding strand - Not being copied
Template strand - Being copied

Question 14

What sequence of bases releases RNA and dissociates polymerase?

Answer 14

A stretch of Us

Question 15

What type of transcription factor is required specific regulation?

Answer 15

Specific transcription factors

Question 16

What 2 DNA binding proteins are required for regulation?

Answer 16

An activator protein and a regulatory protein

Question 17

What are the stages of coordinated gene expression?

Answer 17

A stress causes expression of a gene that codes for regulatory proteins.
These regulatory proteins then promote expression of a number of other genes that can respond to the stress

Question 18

What are the 3 binding regions of steroid receptors (transcription factors)?

Answer 18

Transactivation domain
DNA-binding domain
Ligand binding domain

Question 19

What substance binding causes the transcription factor to move to the nucleus?

Answer 19

A ligand (The steroid)

Question 20

Where on DNA do steroid receptors bind?

Answer 20

Steroid-response elements

Question 21

What is found at the ends of an mRNA strand?

Answer 21

A GTP cap on the 5’ end, and a poly A tail on the other end