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Foundations of Medicine JMO > DNA and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

DNA and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What group varies between ribose and 2-deoxyribose?

A

Ribose contains a hydroxyl group on carbon 2, whereas 2-deoxyribose does not

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2
Q

What are the components of a nucleoside?

A

A base plus a pentose sugar

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3
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

A base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group(s)

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4
Q

What are the 5 bases of DNA and RNA?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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5
Q

Which bases are Purines?

A

Adenine
Guanine

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6
Q

Which bases are Pyrimidines?

A

Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine

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7
Q

What is the nucleoside of adenine?

A

Adenosine

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8
Q

What is the nucleoside of cytosine?

A

Cytidine

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9
Q

What is the nucleoside of guanine?

A

Guanosine

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10
Q

What is the nucleoside of thymine?

A

Thymidine

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11
Q

What is the nucleoside of uracil?

A

Uridine

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12
Q

What are the 5 building blocks of DNA and RNA?

A

dATP (deoxy-adenosine-triphosphate)
dCTP (deoxy-cytidine-triphosphate)
dGTP (deoxy-guanosine-triphosphate)
dTTP (deoxy-thymidine-triphosphate)
dUTP (deoxy-uridine-triphosphate)

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13
Q

Which group on DNA allows joining of nucleotides?

A

Free 3’ (on carbon 3) Hydroxyl group

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14
Q

In which direction can DNA grow?

A

It only grows in the 3’ direction

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15
Q

How do triphosphate nucleotides join onto DNA?

A

A phosphate anhydride bond breaks and the remaining phosphate group joins to the free 3’ OH of the DNA strand. A pyrophosphate is formed (2 phosphates)

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16
Q

What is meant by antiparallel?

A

DNA strands run in opposite directions

17
Q

Which anti-retroviral drug is an analogue of thymidine?

A

Zidovudine (ZDV) / Azidothymidine (AZT) / Retrovir (Brand)

18
Q

How does ZDV/AZT work?

A

AZT is incorporated into the viral DNA during reverse transcription. The OH group on carbon 4 allows it to be attached to the DNA strand, however it has a 3 Nitrogen chain on carbon 3, so the chain can’t continue as there is no OH.

19
Q

Why does AZT not affect human DNA?

A

Viral reverse transcriptase has a higher affinity for ZDV than human DNA polymerase

20
Q

What is an origin of replication?

A

An area in which the unzipping of DNA begins, forming a replication bubble

21
Q

What are the 2 types of strand during DNA replication?

A

Leading and lagging

22
Q

What is a leading strand?

A

A new strand that grows towards the replication fork, and so towards the 5’ end of the template strand

23
Q

What is a lagging strand?

A

A new strand that grows away from the replication fork, so must be formed in segments called Okazaki fragments

24
Q

What is an Okazaki fragment?

A

A section of DNA that forms up to the next DNA strand on the lagging strand

25
Q

What joins Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA Ligase

26
Q

What forms a primer?

A

A primase enzyme

27
Q

What is a primer?

A

A short section of DNA that is formed to begin a strand. It later degenerates

28
Q

What enzyme is responsible for proofreading?

A

DNA polymerase

29
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA strand?

A

DNA helicase

Foundations of Medicine JMO (56 decks)

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