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Foundations of Medicine > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is a Coccus/cocci bacteria

A

Spherical

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2
Q

What name is given to a coccus bacteria that divides in 1 plane to form 2 cocci?

A

Diplococcus

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3
Q

What type of bacteria is a streptococcus bacteria?

A

A chain coccus - Division in 1 plane produces chains

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4
Q

What type of bacteria is a staphylococcus?

A

A bunch/clump coccus - Division in 3 planes produces a clump

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5
Q

What shape is a Bacillus/Bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod-shaped - can form chains

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6
Q

What shape is a Fusiform bacteria?

A

Long, slender rods

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7
Q

What shape is a Vibrio bacteria?

A

A curved rod

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8
Q

What is a common example of a vibrio bacteria?

A

Vibrio cholerae = cholera

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9
Q

What shape is a spirillum bacteria?

A

A rigid spiral

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10
Q

What shape is a spirochaete bacteria?

A

A flexible spiral

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11
Q

What causes sporulation?

A

Stress or starvation of a prokaryote

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12
Q

What forms a spore?

A

The mother cell begins binary fission and one chromosome is sacrificed to form the spore.

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13
Q

Which common bacteria produces spores?

A

Clostridiodes difficile

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14
Q

How does sporulation increase the severity of infection?

A

It increases resistance to many antimicrobial challenges as they have no ribosomes or cell membrane to target and they are small enough to be easily spread

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15
Q

What are the stages of gram staining?

A

Stain with crystal violet
Treat with Gram’s iodine
Decolourize with acetone or ethanol
Stain with basic fuchsin or safranin
Gram + = Violet, Gram - = pink

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16
Q

What are the limitations of gram staining?

A

Not all microorganisms stain well with Gram stain e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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17
Q

What is an aerobic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that grows in oxygen

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18
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

A bacteria that requires oxygen to live

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19
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

A bacteria that is killed by oxygen

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20
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

A bacteria that can tolerate aerobic and anaerobic conditions

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21
Q

What is a capnophilic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that prefers high CO2 levels

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22
Q

What is a microaerophilic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that prefers low oxygen levels

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23
Q

What is a selective media?

A

A medium that selects for the growth of one prokaryote over another

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24
Q

What medium is selective for Staphylococci bacteria?

A

Mannitol Salt Agar - 7.5% salt allows isolation of Staphylococci

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25
Q

How does the Salmonella-Shigella agar isolate for Salmonella and Shigella?

A

It contains bile salts that inhibit coliforms

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26
Q

What is a differential media?

A

Agar that contains chemicals that produces visible stains in colonies that facilitate identification

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27
Q

Which differential medium facilitates the identification of Enetrobacteriacae?

A

MacConkay Agar

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28
Q

Which differential medium facilitates the identification of lactose fermenters such as E. coli?

A

Eosin and Methylene Blue agar

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29
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A harmful organism that produces a pathology

30
Q

What is a commensal/ a mutualism/ a symbiosis?

A

An organism that is part of the natural flora

31
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

An organism that causes infection when opportunity/change in natural immunity arises

32
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

An organism that is growing in a culture by accident

33
Q

What is virulence?

A

The capacity of a microbe to damage the host

34
Q

What are some examples of protozoan diseases?

A

Leishmaniasis
Malaria
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidiosis - found in under chlorinated swimming pools
Entamoebosis

35
Q

What are some examples of fungal infections?

A

Candida (E.g. Candida albicans = Thrush)
Aspergillus (Moulds)

36
Q

What are the 2 gram negative prokaryotes we should known?

A

Neisseria spp
Escherichia spp

37
Q

What are examples of gram positive prokaryotes we should know?

A

Streptococcus spp
Staphylococcus spp
Enterococcus spp
Clostridium

38
Q

What are the 2 types of Neisseria prokaryotes we should know?

A

Neisseria meningitidis = most common cause of bacterial meningitidis
Neiseria gonorrhoeae = only cause of gonorrhoea

39
Q

What is a coliform?

A

A species of gram negative bacilli that looks like Escherichia coli (E.coli) when on gram film and when cultured by blood agar

40
Q

Under what main group do coliforms fall?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

41
Q

What are some examples of gut commensal coliforms?

A

Most E.coli strains
Klebsiella spp
Enterobacter spp
Proteus spp

42
Q

What are some examples of significant gut pathogens?

A

Salmonella spp
Shigella spp
Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) such as E.coli O157 and O104

43
Q

What 1st line antibiotic is used for the treatment of infections caused by coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

44
Q

What are the risks of gentamicin use?

A

It is highly toxic and can cause kidney damage

45
Q

Why do patients with coliform sepsis become very unwell quickly?

A

Because when the coliform bacteria die, they release endotoxins (LPSs on gram negative bacteria)

46
Q

What is sepsis?

A

A host response to a severe infection

47
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Blood poisoning caused by the movement of bacteria into the blood stream

48
Q

What occurs during sepsis to cause septic shock?

A

Infection causes increased permeability of blood vessel walls, meaning fluid moves into tissues
This decreases blood volume and pressure, so heart rate increases
This decreases oxygen perfusion of vital organs
This leads to septic shock

49
Q

How does sepsis increase risk of haemorrhage?

A

Increased permeability of blood vessels causes blood clotting
This uses up all clotting factors
This means there’s a higher risk of haemorrhage

50
Q

How does septicaemia cause fever (symptom of sepsis)?

A

Antigens in the blood stream cause stimulation of macrophages
These macrophage release cytokines that move to the anterior hypothalamus
Prostaglandin E is released which increases the body’s thermal set point
This triggers a cold response

51
Q

What temperature is defined as fever?

A

38-40 degrees celcius

52
Q

What are febrile convulsions?

A

Fits that can occur in children due to a fever

53
Q

What diseases are caused by Group A Streptococci?

A

Streptococcal sore throat (Scarlet fever)
Invasive diseases such as Necrotising fasciitis
Puerperal sepsis (Infection of pregnant and post-natal women)

54
Q

What Group A Streptococcus is responsible for 50% of bacterial sore throats?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

55
Q

What is an alpha haemolytic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that causes oxidation of red blood cells turning it a green-brown colour

56
Q

What is a beta haemolytic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that causes full rupture of red blood cells

57
Q

Are GAS bacteria alpha or beta haemolytic?

A

Beta

58
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

An acute inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by the inhalation of Streptococcus pneumoniae
It causes the plugging of alveoli and bronchioles by a fibrous exudate

59
Q

What is the most important group of non-haemolytic streptococci?

A

Enterococci

60
Q

What are 2 examples of enterococci that we should know?

A

Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium

61
Q

What disease is most commonly caused by enterococci?

A

Urinary Tract Infections

62
Q

What is a VRE?

A

A Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci, a very resistant strain of enterococci

63
Q

What are examples of Staphylococci?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophiticus

64
Q

Is Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive = can coagulate plasma in the blood

65
Q

Is Staphylococcus epidermidis coagulase positive or negative?

A

Negative = cannot coagulate plasma in the blood

66
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

67
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of skin, soft tissue and wound infection?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

68
Q

What are the 3 species of Clostridioides we should know?

A

Clostridioides difficile - common cause of diarrhoea after taking antibiotics
Clostridioides perfringens - Causes ‘gas’ gangrene, a severe soft tissue infection following wound contamination
Clostridioides tetani - Causes tetanus, a usually fatal paralytic disease

69
Q

Which class of bacteria posses endotoxins?

A

Gram -ve bacteria

70
Q

Which class of bacteria posses exotoxins?

A

Gram +ve bacteria

71
Q

What happens to Staphylococcus aureus on a blood agar plate?

A

It shows up golden on a blood agar plate

72
Q

What type of inheritance causes blood related disorders and blood types?

A

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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