Bones introduction Flashcards
What is endochondral ossification?
The process in which an initial, small hyaline cartilage grows and ossifies into bones
What are the 4 parts of a bone undergoing endochondral ossification?
2x epiphysis, 2x epiphyseal growth plate, 2x metaphysis and 1x diaphysis
What happens when bone growth ceases?
The hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plates ossifies forming an epiphyseal line where the epiphyseal growth plate once was
What are the 2 layers of bone?
The outer cortex made up of compact (cortical) bone and the inner medulla made up of spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone
Where in the bone is the bone marrow found?
In the medullary cavity
Why does the outer cortex of the bone become thicker nearer the centre of the diaphysis?
It protects against damage caused by high pressure on the bone
What is the outer sleeve of a bone called?
The periosteum
What are the characteristics of the periosteum?
Made up of fibrous connective tissue, vascularised and well innervated, resulting in extreme pain when torn during fracturing
What is the function of the nutrient vessels?
They are made up of artery, vein and lymphatic vessels and carry blood to and from the medullary cavity
What are the 3 causes of bony features?
Due to genetics to give the bone the best shape for the job; if an adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone or if the adjacent structure is developing at the same time as the bone
What are the 3 fossae of the skull
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
What is a foramen (pl. foraminae)?
A hole for cranial nerves and the brains blood vessels to pass in and out of
Which foramen does the spinal chord pass through?
The foramen magnum
How is a fracture repaired?
A collagen collar forms around the fracture and forms a callus to keep the bone in place as the callus remodels
What are the 2 sections of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
What are the 2 skeletal regions of the skull?
The viscerocranium and neurocranium
What are the bones of the cranial vault
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Left and right parietal bone
Left and right temporal bone
Occipital bone
What is the bump found at the back of the occipital bone?
The occipital protuberance
What is the name of the H shaped meeting point of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones?
The Pterion
What is the sieve like plate that connects the ethmoid bone to the cranial vault?
The cribriform plate
What are the viscerocranial bones?
The left and right nasal bones
The left and right zygomatic bones
The left and right maxilla
Mandible
Vomer
The left and right inferior nasal concha
The left and right palatine bones
The left and right lacrimal bones
What are the neurocranial bones?
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Left and right parietal bone
Left and right temporal bone
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
How many vertebrae are there in total?
33
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (C1-C7)
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-T12)
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (L1-L5)
How many sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?
5 (S1-S5)
How many coccygeal vertebrae are used to form the coccyx?
4
What type of curvature of the vertebral column bends posteriorly?
primary curvature
What type of curvature of the vertebral column bends anteriorly?
secondary curvature
What are the features of a typical vertebrae?
1x Spinous process
2x inferior articular process
2x superior articular process
2x transverse process
1x vertebral foramen
2x pedicle
2x lamina
1x vertebral body
What is the function of the spinous process?
Ligament and muscle attachment
What is the function of the transverse processes?
ligament, muscle and rib articulations
What is the function of the vertebral arch?
Protects the spinal chord
What forms the vertebral arch?
2x pedicles
2x lamina
What is the function of the vertebral body?
Bearing of weight
What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
transmits and protects the spinal chord
Where are intervertebral foramen found?
Between adjacent vertebrae
Where are intervertebral foramen found?
Between adjacent vertebrae
What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
Allow spinal nerves to emerge
Where are facet joints found?
Between the inferior articular process of one vertebrae and the superior articular process of the other.
Which vertebrae contain a transverse foramen?
Cervical vertebrae
What is the function of a transverse foramen?
Passage of vertebral arteries
What is the name given to the C1 vertebra?
The atlas
What are the characteristics of the atlas (C1) vertebra?
It does not have a body or spinous process, only a posterior and inferior arch instead
What is the name given to the C2 vertebra?
The axis
What are the characteristics of the axis (C2) vertebra?
They have an odontoid process that projects superiorly from the body
What is the name given to the C7 vertebra?
Vertebrae prominens
What is the name given to ribs 1-7?
True ribs
Why are ribs 1-7 known as true ribs?
Each rib attaches via its own intercostal cartilage to the sternum
What is the name given to ribs 8-10?
False ribs
Why are ribs 8-10 known as false ribs?
They all attach to the same intercostal cartilage which then attaches to the sternum
What are ribs 11-12 known as?
Floating ribs
Why are ribs 11-12 known as floating ribs?
They do not attach to the sternum via intercostal cartilage
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
2x scapulae
2x clavicles
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
2x hip bones
1x sacrum
What bone is located in the thigh?
Femur
Which bones make up the leg?
Tibia
Fibula
What bone is located in the arm?
Humorous
Which bones make up the forearm?
Ulna and radius
