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Foundations of Medicine JMO > Circulatory system basics > Flashcards

Circulatory system basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the circulatory system?

A

Distribution of gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair; Chemical signalling; thermoregulation and mediation of inflammation and host defence response

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2
Q

What are the 2 systems that make up the circulatory system?

A

The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

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3
Q

What are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The arterial system, the heart and the venous system

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4
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

The left and right atrium
The left and right ventricle

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5
Q

What are the 2 phases of the double muscular pump?

A

Systole (atrial and ventricular) and diastole

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6
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk comprised of?

A

2 pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

4 pulmonary veins

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9
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?

A

The inferior and superior vena cava

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10
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

A

The aorta

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

The epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium

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12
Q

What is the epicardium an example of?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

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13
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valve?

A

The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve

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14
Q

On which side of the heart is the mitral found in?

A

The left

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15
Q

On which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve found?

A

The right

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of semilunar valve?

A

The aortic and the pulmonary

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17
Q

Where in the heart does the electrical impulse start?

A

The sinoatrial node

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18
Q

Describe the path that the electrical impulse travels down in the heart

A

The impulse starts at the sinoatrial node, before passing down to the atrioventricular node. It then passes down the right and left bundle of His in the inter ventricular septum, before spreading out to the myocardium via purkyne fibres.

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19
Q

What is the average pressure within an artery?

A

120/80 mmHg

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20
Q

What is the definition of bifurcate?

A

Splits into 2 branches

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21
Q

What is the definition of trifurcate?

A

Splits into 3 branches

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22
Q

What do the terms common and trunk indicate?

A

They indicate that the artery will definitely divide again

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23
Q

What occurs during vasodilation?

A

Smooth muscle in the tunica media relaxes, so the arterial lumen widens to increase blood flow to the organ or tissue

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24
Q

What occurs during vasoconstriction?

A

Smooth muscle in the tunica media contracts to reduce blood flow to the organ or tissue

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25
Q

What occurs when a vessel is in spasm?

A

The arteriolar smooth muscle contrast to help reduce blood loss following injury

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26
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

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27
Q

What are the advantages of an anastomosis?

A

They provide alternative routes for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion

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28
Q

What is an occlusion?

A

A blockage

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29
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

An arterial anastomosis of the brain

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30
Q

What are the advantages of the Circle of Willis in the brain?

A

May help to prevent a cerebrovascular accident (CVA/stroke)

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31
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

A network of vessels that prevent damage from ischaemia

32
Q

What is a disadvantage of an anastomosis?

A

They bleed from both sides of a cut so haemorrhage can be worse

33
Q

What artery forms the scalp anastomosis?

A

The external carotid artery

34
Q

What is an end artery?

A

An artery that provides the only arterial blood supply to a given area

35
Q

What can an untreated occlusion of an end artery lead to?

A

Infarction of its territory

36
Q

What is infarction?

A

Irreversible cell dead due to hypoxia

37
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Lack of oxygen

38
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Occlusion of a coronary artery

39
Q

What is a retinal infarction?

A

Occlusion of the central retinal artery

40
Q

What is a fingertip infarction?

A

Occlusion of a digital artery branch

41
Q

What does a myocardial infarction lead to?

A

A heart attack or death

42
Q

What does a retinal infarction lead to?

A

Monocular blindness

43
Q

What does a fingertip infraction lead to?

A

Amputation

44
Q

What are the 4 parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta

45
Q

What are the 2 branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Left and right coronary artery

46
Q

How many branches of the arch of the aorta are there?

A

3

47
Q

What are the components of the abdominal aorta?

A

3 unpaired midline branches and several paired, bilateral branches

48
Q

What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery

49
Q

What are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

The right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery

50
Q

What does the subclavian artery become after it has reached the axilla?

A

The axillary artery

51
Q

What does the axillary artery become when it reaches the arm?

A

The brachial artery

52
Q

What are the 2 branches of the brachial artery?

A

The ulnar and radial artery

53
Q

What are the 2 branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

The common iliac arteries

54
Q

Where do the common iliac arteries supply blood to?

A

The pelvis, perineum and lower limbs

55
Q

What are the 2 branches of the common iliac arteries?

A

The internal and external iliac arteries

56
Q

What does the external iliac artery become when it reaches the hip?

A

The femoral artery

57
Q

What does the femoral artery become when it reaches the knee joint?

A

The popliteal artery

58
Q

What artery is found in the dorsal of the foot?

A

The dorsalis pedis artery

59
Q

What is the area in which 2 veins merge known as?

A

A tributary

60
Q

What 3 things assist the return of blood to the heart?

A

Venous valves to prevent back flow; skeletal muscle pump due to contraction of lower limb muscles and venue comitantes

61
Q

What are vena comitans?

A

Small veins that run in pairs or more around an artery and use arterial pulsation to move blood back to the heart

62
Q

What are the two general sets of veins?

A

Deep and superficial

63
Q

What are the characteristics of a superficial vein?

A

Smaller and run into the superior fascia and then drain into deep veins

64
Q

What are the characteristics of a deep vein?

A

Larger and run in deep fascia and in cavities

65
Q

What are the 2 main venous systems?

A

Hepatic portal venous system and systemic venous system

66
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal venous system?

A

Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning

67
Q

What is the function of the systemic venous system?

A

Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior and inferior vena cava

68
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries collect?

A

Tissue fluid

69
Q

What is the term given to the tissue fluid within the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymph

70
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

They contain white blood vessels to filter foreign particles and fight infection and cancer

71
Q

Where is the lymph returned to?

A

The central veins in the root of the neck

72
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

The right venous angle

73
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

A

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct

74
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into?

A

The left venous angle

75
Q

When can lymph nodes be palpated?

A

When they are fighting infection or taken over by a spreading cancer

76
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

They are attached to atrioventricular valves by chordae tendineae and prevent the opening of valves in the wrong direction

77
Q

What is the structure and function of the trabecular carneae?

A

They are muscular columns that project in the ventricles of the heart to prevent suction that would occur between the flat surfaces

Foundations of Medicine JMO (56 decks)

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