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Foundations of Medicine > Anatomy of a cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of a cell Flashcards

1
Q

What term is used to describe a molecule with both polar and non-polar regions?

A

Amphipathic

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2
Q

What are the two components of a glycosphingolipid?

A

A glycolipid and the amino alcohol sphingosine

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3
Q

What type of molecule is the phosphate head of a phospholipid?

A

A polar, hydrophilic molecule

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4
Q

What type of molecule are the fatty acid tails of a phospholipid?

A

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane highly permeable to?

A

Water, Oxygen, Small hydrophobic molecules

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6
Q

What is the cell membrane virtually impermeable to?

A

Charged ions (e.g. Na+)

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7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

energy production

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8
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Protein Synthesis using surface mounted ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Synthesis/detoxification of Cholesterol and lipids

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10
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Modification and packaging of secretions

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11
Q

What is the function of a lysosome

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the cells genetic code

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Transcription of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

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14
Q

What are examples of inclusions?

A

Inclusions are components that have been synthesised by the cell itself or taken up from the extracellular environment (e.g. pigment, glycogen stores, lipid droplets, pre secretion product and endocytotic vesicles)

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15
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

The protein actin

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16
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

6 main proteins which vary in different cell types

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17
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

2 Tubulin proteins (α and ß), MAPS (Microtubule Associated Proteins), a capping protein and γ tubulin

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18
Q

What makes microfilaments dynamic cytoskeletal elements?

A

Actin molecules can assemble into filaments and later dissociate

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19
Q

What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasma membrane

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20
Q

What type of cells contain the intermediate filament ‘Neurofilaments’?

A

Nerve cells

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21
Q

What type of cells contain the intermediate filament ‘Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins’?

A

Glial cells of the nervous system

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22
Q

What type of cells contain the intermediate filament ‘Desmin’?

A

Muscle cells

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23
Q

What type of cells contain the intermediate filament ‘Cytokeratins’?

A

Epithelial cells

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24
Q

What type of cells contain the intermediate filament ‘Vimentin’?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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25
Q

What type of cells contain the intermediate filament ‘Filesin’?

A

Cells of the lens of the eye

26
Q

Which organelle contains the intermediate filament ‘Lamin’?

A

The nuclei of all cells

27
Q

What type of cells are astrocytes?

A

Glial cells of the CNS

28
Q

What two proteins can move along the microtubules within the cytoskeleton?

A

Dynein and Kinesin

29
Q

What is Dynein and in which direction does it travel within a cell?

A

Dynein is an ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

30
Q

What is Kinesin and in which direction does it travel within a cell?

A

Kinesin is an ATPase that moves towards the cells periphery

31
Q

What is the purpose of a nuclear pore?

A

To allow for the movement of substances from the nucleus, to the cytoplasm

32
Q

What is Euchromatin?

A

DNA that is more dispersed and is actively undergoing transcription

33
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A

DNA that is highly condensed and is not undergoing transcription

34
Q

Name the two components of a ribosome and their function

A

Ribosomes are made up of a small subunit which binds to RNA, and a large subunit, which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

35
Q

Give an example of a type of cell that would contain an extensive amount of SER

A

Cells synthesising steroid hormones

36
Q

What is the golgi apparatus composed of?

A

A group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae

37
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Golgi cisterns function of the modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER. They add sugars, cleave some proteins and sort macromolecules into vesicles

38
Q

What is the cis face golgi?

A

The receiving face of the golgi apparatus

39
Q

What is the trans face golgi?

A

The face from which vesicles are formed

40
Q

What stain is used in histology to view the mitochondria?

A

Janus green

41
Q

What are the main two components of a mitochondria?

A

The matrix and the Cristae

42
Q

What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?

A

Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communicating junctions

43
Q

What is the purpose of an occluding junction?

A

To link cells and form a diffusion barrier

44
Q

What is the purpose of an anchoring junction?

A

To provide mechanical strength

45
Q

What is the purpose of a communicating junction?

A

To allow the movement of molecules between cells

46
Q

What is the other name given to an occluding junction?

A

Zonula occludents

47
Q

What is the other name given to an adherent junction?

A

Zonula adherens

48
Q

What is the other name given to a desmosome?

A

Macula adherens

49
Q

What are the two types of anchoring junction?

A

Adherent junctions and desmosomes

50
Q

What proteins are found in an occluding junction?

A

occludin and claudin

51
Q

How are adherent junctions formed?

A

Transmembrane Cadherin molecules bind to each other, and to actin filaments within the cells cytoskeleton, through link molecules

52
Q

What molecules are found in an adherent junction?

A

E-cadherin, catenin, vinculin, actin, α-actinin and Ca2+ ions

53
Q

How are desmosomes formed?

A

The submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells link

54
Q

What molecules are found in a desmosome?

A

An intracellular attachment plaque, desmocollin and desmoglein

55
Q

Where are desmosomes most commonly found?

A

The skin, where they can provide mechanical stability

56
Q

What is a communicating junction comprised of?

A

A circular patch studded with several hundred pores

57
Q

What are the pores of a communicating junction formed from?

A

Connexon proteins

58
Q

Where are communicating junctions most commonly found?

A

In epithelia, and also in some smooth muscle and in cardiac muscle where it is critical for the spread of excitation

59
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

The close association of several types of junction (zonula occludents, zonula adherens and macula adherens)

60
Q

What are the stages of endocytosis?

A

The cell membrane invaginates, fuses and the newly made endocytotic vesicle (endosome) buds into the cell. This process is often receptor mediated

61
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

A vesicle formed within a phagocyte, containing a bacterium or other pathogen

62
Q

What is formed from the binding of a lysosome to a phagosome?

A

A phagolysosome

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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