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Foundations of Medicine JMO > Nervous system intro > Flashcards

Nervous system intro Flashcards

1
Q

What structures form the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

What structures form the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Autonomic nerves

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3
Q

What name is given to a collection of nerve cell bodies in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

What name is given to a collection of nerve cell bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Ganglion

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5
Q

What is a nerve fibre?

A

A bundle of nerve cell axons that travel to the same region or structure

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6
Q

What are the 6 modalities of nerve fibres?

A

Somatic sensory function
Somatic motor function
Special sensory function
Visceral afferent function
Sympathetic function
Parasympathetic function

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7
Q

How many modalities can one single nerve fibre perform?

A

Only 1 of the 6 functions

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8
Q

In which direction do action potentials travel in motor neurones?

A

Towards the body wall, body cavity or organ

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9
Q

In which direction do action potentials travel in sensory neurones?

A

Towards the spinal cord and brain

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10
Q

What are the bumps on the brain surface known as?

A

Gyri (Sing. 1 Gyrus)

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11
Q

What are the crevices on the brain surface known as?

A

Sulci (Sing. 1 sulcus)

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12
Q

What is the largest part of the brain known as?

A

The cerebrum

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13
Q

What are the 2 sections of the cerebrum known as?

A

Left and right hemisphere

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14
Q

What are the 4 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum known as?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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15
Q

What is the name given to the surface of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What is the smallest part of the brain called?

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves (+mnemonic)?

A

I - Old - Olfactory
II - Opie - Optic
III - Occasionally - Oculomotor
IV - Tries - Trochlear
V - Touching - Trigeminal
VI - And - Abducent
VII - Feeling - Facial
VIII - Virgin - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Girls - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagina’ - Vagus
XI - S And - Spinal Accessory
XII - Hymens - Hypoglossal

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18
Q

What are the functions of the 12 cranial nerves (+mnemonic)?

A

I - Some - Sensory
II - Say - Sensory
III - Marry - Motor
IV - Money - Motor
V - But - Both
VI - My - Motor
VII - Brother - Both
VIII - Says - Sensory
IX - Big - Both
X - Brains - Both
XI - Matter - Motor
XII - Most - Motor

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19
Q

Which 3 structures form the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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20
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the cranial vault?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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21
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory

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22
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the middle cranial fossa?

A

Cranial nerve II - Optic Nerve
Cranial nerve III - Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve
Cranial nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial nerve VI - Abducent Nerve

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23
Q

How many division of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V) are there?

A

3 - Va, Vb, Vc

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24
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cranial nerve VII - Facial nerve
Cranial nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial nerve IX - Glossoparyngeal nerve
Cranial nerve X - Vagus nerve
Cranial nerve XI - Spinal Accessory nerve
Cranial nerve XII - Hypoglossal nerve

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25
Q

What are the 22 foramen of the cranial vault?

A

1 x Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
2 x Optic canal
2 x Superior orbital fissure
2 x Foramen rotundum
2 x Foramen ovale
2 x Foramen spinosum
2 x Carotid canal
2 x Foramen lacerum
2 x Internal acoustic meatus
2 x Jugular foramen
2 x Hypoglossal canal
1 x Foramen magnum

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26
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

CN I - Olfactory nerve

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27
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?

A

CN II - Optic nerve

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28
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III - Oculomotor nerve
CN IV - Trochlear nerve
CN Va - Trigeminal nerve A
CN VI - Abducent nerve

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29
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CN Vb - Trigeminal nerve B

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30
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN Vc - Trigeminal nerve C

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31
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII - Facial nerve
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve

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32
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus nerve
CN XI - Spinal Accessory nerve
CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve

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33
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

The spinal chord

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34
Q

What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/Coccygeal

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35
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical enlargement
Lumbosacral enlargement

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36
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral canal

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37
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Between L1 and L2 vertebrae

38
Q

What is the name given to the end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

39
Q

What name is given to the bunch of descending nerves that pass below the spinal cord?

A

Cauda equina (Horses tail)

40
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

41
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12 - T1-T12

42
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

43
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

44
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

45
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

For the thoracic nerves and downwards, they are named after the vertebrae ABOVE it

For the cervical nerves, they are named after the vertebrae BELOW it

46
Q

What is supplied by the spinal nerves?

A

The soma (Body wall)

47
Q

Where are the ‘spinal nerves’ found?

A

Only inside the intervertebral foramina

48
Q

What are the 2 layers of the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter
White matter

49
Q

Describe the route that a motor action potential takes from the spinal cord to the body wall

A

Grey matter
Anterior rootlets
Anterior roots
Spinal nerve
Posterior and Anterior rami (Divisions of spinal nerve)
Body wall

50
Q

Describe the route that a sensory action potential takes from the body wall to the spinal cord

A

Body wall
Posterior and Anterior rami (Divisions of spinal nerve)
Spinal nerve
Posterior root ganglion
Posterior roots
Posterior rootlets
Grey matter

51
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve

52
Q

What dermatome usually supplies the nipple?

A

T4 dermatome

53
Q

What dermatomes usually supplies the umbilicus?

A

T10 dermatome

54
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

A bundle of intertwining anterior rami from various levels

55
Q

What are the 4 main spinal nerve plexuses?

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

56
Q

What structures are supplied by the cervical plexus?

A

Posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm

57
Q

Which nerves form the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4 anterior rami

58
Q

Which nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 anterior rami

59
Q

Which nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4 anterior rami

60
Q

Which nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4 anterior rami

61
Q

What can form from the intertwining of the lumbar and sacral plexuses?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

62
Q

What are some examples of sensations felt by the somatic nervous system?

A

Coarse touch
Fine touch
Vibration
Proprioception
Temperature
Pain

63
Q

What type of receptor detects coarse touch, fine touch, vibration and proprioception?

A

Mechanoreceptors

64
Q

What type of receptors detect temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

65
Q

What type of receptors detects pain?

A

Nociceptors

66
Q

What are some common presentations of somatic pain?

A

Sharp, stabbing pain with exact location

67
Q

What innervation is carried by anterior roots and rootlets?

A

Motor innervation

68
Q

What innervation is carried by posterior roots and rootlets?

A

Sensory innervation

69
Q

What is included in the soma?

A

Head and neck walls
Chest walls
Back
Diaphragm
Abdominal wall
Pelvic wall
Skin
Fascia
Skeletal muscle
Skeleton
Internal lining of body cavities

70
Q

What is supplied by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Viscera (organs)
Glands
Smooth and cardiac muscle
External linings of organs

71
Q

What are some common presentations of pain of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Colicky (Comes and goes), dull, achy, nauseating and poorly localised

72
Q

How does referred pain occur in appendicitis?

A

Pain starts dull and achy as the autonomic nervous system is stimulated by the appendix
Pain will be poorly localised around the umbilicus
The pain then become localised to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen and will become sharp and stabbing, this is because inflammation of the appendix will start to irritate the soma, leading to stimulation of the somatic nervous system

73
Q

What are the 2 motor divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

74
Q

What structures are supplied by the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

All internal organs
All body wall organs
Arterioles

75
Q

What are some effects of the fight or flight response?

A

Pupils dilate
Heart rate increases
Bronchioles dilate
GI tract motility reduced
Liver releases glucose into the blood
Adrenal glands release adrenaline/noradrenaline
Arterioles to skeletal muscle dilates to increase blood flow
Arterioles to skin constrict
Hairs stand on end
Sweat is produced

76
Q

Which division of the ANS causes the flight or fight response?

A

Sympathetic

77
Q

Where does the sympathetic outflow leave the spinal cord?

A

With the T1-L2 spinal nerves

78
Q

Where does the sympathetic outflow go too after exiting the spinal cord?

A

To sympathetic chains that run the length of the vertebral column

79
Q

How does the sympathetic outflow reach the body wall wall structures?

A

The sympathetic chains pass into all spinal nerves

80
Q

How does the sympathetic outflow reach the head and neck organs?

A

The sympathetic chains run alongside arteries to the head and neck

81
Q

How does the sympathetic outflow reach the internal organs?

A

Via splanchnic nerves

82
Q

Describe the path that the sympathetic outflow takes from the grey matter to the sympathetic trunk?

A

Lateral horn of the grey matter
Anterior rootlets
Anterior roots
Spinal nerve
Rami communicans
Paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
Sympathetic trunk

83
Q

Which division of the ANS allows for the rest and digest response?

A

Parasympathetic division

84
Q

Which structures are not supplied by the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

It only supplies the internal organs that are also supplied by the sympathetic division
It does NOT supply the arterioles
It does NOT supply the body wall organs

85
Q

What are some effects of the rest and digest response?

A

Pupils constrict
Heart rate decreases
Bronchioles constrict
GI tract motility is increased
Liver performs glycogenesis
Urethral sphincter relaxes (Bladder)

86
Q

Where does the parasympathetic outflow travel from?

A

The CNS via some of the cranial nerves
The sacral spinal nerves

87
Q

Which cranial nerves carry the parasympathetic outflow?

A

CN III - Oculomotor nerve
CN VII - Facial nerve
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
CN X - Vagus nerve

88
Q

What is the parasympathetic ganglion found in cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)?

A

Ciliary ganglion

89
Q

Which parasympathetic ganglia are found in cranial nerve VII (Facial)?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion

90
Q

What is the parasympathetic ganglion found in cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal )?

A

Otic ganglion

Foundations of Medicine JMO (56 decks)

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