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Foundations of Medicine > Diversity of cells > Flashcards

Diversity of cells Flashcards

1
Q

What substance is used during the general fixation of a tissue sample?

A

10% Formaldehyde/Acetic acid

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2
Q

What substance is used during the general dehydration of a tissue sample?

A

70% ethyl alcohol, then 90% ethyl alcohol, and then 100% ethyl alcohol

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3
Q

What is the purpose of fixation during general tissue processing?

A

To fix all organelles and structures in place

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4
Q

What is the purpose of dehydration during general tissue processing?

A

This replaces all water in the tissue sample with alcohol

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5
Q

What substance is used during the clearing process of general tissue processing?

A

Xylene

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6
Q

What is the purpose of clearing within general tissue processing?

A

This replaces all alcohol in the dehydrated cell with xylene

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7
Q

What substance is used during the infiltration stage of general tissue processing?

A

Paraffin wax

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8
Q

What is the purpose of infiltration during general tissue processing?

A

This replaces all xylene with paraffin wax so that the tissue can be preserved

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9
Q

Describe the process of embedding and sectioning during the histological preparation of a tissue sample

A

The tissue sample in its paraffin wax cassette is added to a mild and more wax is added. The sample is labelled and placed in a microtome. This cuts the wax block and tissue into thin sections of between 4 and 6 microns. The slides are then prepared in a water bath.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of stains?

A

Acidic stains, Basic stains and Neutral stains

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11
Q

What colour are acidic stains?

A

Red or pink

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12
Q

What colour are basic stains?

A

Blue or purple

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13
Q

What colour are neutral stains?

A

Neutral stains give a different colour to different components

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14
Q

Give an example of an acidic stain

A

Eosin

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15
Q

Give an example of a basic stain

A

Hematoxylin or Toluidine blue

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16
Q

What does Hematoxylin bind to?

A

DNA/RNA and colours the nucleus blue/purple

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17
Q

What does Eosin bind to?

A

amino acids/proteins, therefore colouring the cytoplasm pink

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18
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

Epithelium, Connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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19
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers surfaces of the body, lines hollow organs and forms glands

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20
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Forms the framework of the body and have a dynamic role in the growth and homeostasis of tissue and, via fat, in energy storage. It also contains vessels so is used for the transport of nutrients.

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21
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Specialised to contract and generate force

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22
Q

What are the 3 major types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac, skeletal and smooth

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23
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Specialised to connect impulses

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24
Q

What is nervous tissue formed from?

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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25
Q

What are the two distinct surfaces of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical and Basal

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Polarity (2 layers), tightly adherent due to junction complexes and cytoskeleton, and avascular

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27
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering epithelium and glandular epithelium

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of covering epithelium?

A

Simple, pseudo-stratified and stratified

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29
Q

What is meant my simple epithelium?

A

Contains only 1 layer of epithelial cells

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30
Q

What is meant by stratified epithelium?

A

Contains 2 or more layers of epithelial cells

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31
Q

What is meant by pseudo-stratified epithelium?

A

Contains only 1 later of epithelial cells, however, appears as more than 1 layer upon histological examination

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of simple, pseudo-stratified and stratified epithelium?

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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33
Q

What is meant by squamous epithelium?

A

The cells are flattened and the cytoplasm bulges over the nucleus

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34
Q

What is meant by cuboidal epithelium?

A

The cells width and height are equal and so the cells appear cube-like

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35
Q

What is meant by columnar epithelium?

A

The cells height is 2-5 times greater than its width, so cells appear column-like

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36
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are hair like protrusions used to move substances such as mucus in airways such as the nose.

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37
Q

What is the function of keratin?

A

Keratin is a layer of dead cells that allows protection for the epithelial tissue. This is found of the epithelial tissue that makes up the skin

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38
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Microvilli are protrusions of the cell membrane of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine. They are for the purpose of increasing the surface area over which absorption can take place

39
Q

What are the 2 types of glandular epithelium?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

40
Q

What is the difference between exocrine epithelium and endocrine epithelium?

A

Exocrine epithelium have a duct for the transportation of secretions, whereas endocrine epithelium transport their secretions in the blood

41
Q

What are the two main parts of a gland and which type of epithelium do they contain?

A

Ducts and secretory acini. Ducts are lined by columnar epithelium, whereas secretory acini are lined by cuboidal epithelium. Ducts are used for the transportation of secretions, secretory acini are rounded bulbs at the end of the gland that produce the secretions.

42
Q

What are the 4 main types of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic, soft, hard and special

43
Q

What are the 4 main types of soft connective tissue?

A

Loose, dense, reticular and adipose

44
Q

What is meant by reticular tissue?

A

The cells and fibres form a fine network

45
Q

What is meant by adipose tissue?

A

Contains many adipocytes

46
Q

What is the name given to a fat cell?

A

An adipocyte

47
Q

What are the two main types of hard connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and bone

48
Q

What is the main type of special connective tissue?

A

Blood

49
Q

What are the 2 main types of cell found in all connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts and Adipocytes

50
Q

What is the function of a fibroblast?

A

Widely distributed so can maintain the extracellular matrix

51
Q

What name is given to the cells within cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

52
Q

What are the 3 main components of the extracellular matrix?

A

Fibres, ground substance and tissue fluid

53
Q

What are the 3 main fibres found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen, elastic and reticular

54
Q

What are the two main examples of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins

55
Q

Why are the nuclei of adipocytes pushed to the side?

A

The lipid vacuole takes up most of the volume of the cell

56
Q

What are the characteristics of loose areolar connective tissue?

A

Loosely packed fibres, many elastic fibres, abundant ground substance, many fibroblasts and bundles of collagen fibres

57
Q

What are the characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

Little extracellular matrix, scarce ground substance, many adipocytes filled with fat droplets

58
Q

What are the two main types of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular and irregular, based upon their level of orginisation

59
Q

What is the name given to the fibroblasts within a tendon?

A

Tendinocytes

60
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrous

61
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

Strong, flexible, compressible, semi-rigid and avascular

62
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the ear?

A

Elastic

63
Q

What type of cartilage is the costal cartilage between the sternum and rib cage?

A

Hyaline

64
Q

What type of cartilage cushions the vertebrae of the spine?

A

Fibrocartilage

65
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

From adjacent tissue, via diffusion through its matrix

66
Q

What causes cartilage to be strong, flexible and compressible?

A

The highly hydrated nature of the ground substance (GAGs and proteoglycans)

67
Q

What is the name given to the cartilage in the knee joint?

A

Meniscus, made up of both fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

68
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made up of?

A

Elastic

69
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

Clear matrix, many collagen fibres and groups of chondrocytes in lacunae (small cavity)

70
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Collagen fibre bundles in extracellular matrix and single chondrocytes in lacunae

71
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

Thin elastic fibres with ground substance in extracellular matrix and groups of chondrocytes in lacunae

72
Q

What are the 3 types of cells found within bone?

A

Osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts

73
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of a bone contain?

A

collagen, glycoproteins, Ca2+, PO4- and minerals

74
Q

What are the two main types of bone tissue?

A

Compact/cortical bone and Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone

75
Q

What are the characteristics of compact bone tissue?

A

Dense areas without cavities

76
Q

What are the characteristics of spongy bone?

A

numerous interconnecting cavities or fine meshwork

77
Q

What is the name given to the vascular bundles within bone?

A

Osteons, which contain blood vessels and nerves

78
Q

What is the name given to the bundle of nerves and blood vessels that travels through the bone, forming an osteon?

A

Haversian canals

79
Q

What is the name given to the canals between the Haversian canals in which substances are shared between osteons?

A

Perforating canals

80
Q

WHat are the 3 main types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac, skeletal and smooth

81
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated due to the arrangement of actin and myosin, short, branched, contains intercalated discs between cells; involuntary

82
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated due to the arrangement of actin and myosin, long and unbranched; voluntary

83
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

No visible striations; involuntary/visceral

84
Q

What are the characteristics of the cells within smooth muscle?

A

central cigar-shaped nucleus, elongated, spindle-shaped cells. Length range from 20-200 micrometers

85
Q

What are the characteristics of the cells within cardiac muscle?

A

Has striations, short branching fibres, Length range from 50-100 micrometers, Single central nucleus, intercalated discs containing intercellular junctions and gap junctions

86
Q

What are the characteristics of the cells within skeletal muscle?

A

Has prominent striations, long non-branching fibres. Length range 1-40 micrometers, diameter range 10-100 micrometers, multinucleated and have a peripheral nucleus

87
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue coat found around nervous tissue?

A

Meninges (CNS) and perineum (PNS)

88
Q

How are neurones classified?

A

By the number of cytoplasmic processes

89
Q

What are the 4 main types of neurone?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar and pseudo-unipolar

90
Q

What are the 3 types of glial (supporting) cells found within the CNS?

A

Microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

91
Q

What is the function of a microglia cell?

A

Provide immune surveillance

92
Q

What is the function of an astrocyte?

A

Provide support, connect blood vessels to neurones, allow for ion transport and form the blood brain barrier

93
Q

What is the function of an oligodendrocyte?

A

Produce myelin in the brain and spinal chord and wrap their cytoplasmic processes around neurones

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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