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Foundations of Medicine JMO > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What enzymes bind amino acids to tRNA?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

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2
Q

What 2 molecules are used as energy sources during translation?

A

ATP and GTP

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3
Q

What is the first stage of tRNA to amino acid binding?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase for a specific enzyme binds to ATP and the amino acid

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4
Q

What is the second stage of tRNA to amino acid binding?

A

ATP bound to the activating enzyme is hydrolysed to form AMP and a pyrophosphate

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5
Q

What is the third stage of tRNA to amino acid binding?

A

The amino acid specific tRNA molecule binds to the enzyme

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6
Q

What is the fourth stage of tRNA to amino acid binding?

A

The AMP is lost from the molecule leaving just the enzyme, tRNA and amino acid

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7
Q

What is the fifth stage of tRNA to amino acid binding?

A

The tRNA and amino acid detach from the enzyme

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8
Q

What size of ribosome is found in a prokaryote?

A

70S

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9
Q

What size of ribosome is found in a eukaryote?

A

80S

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10
Q

What are the 3 binding sites of ribosomes?

A

Exit
Peptidyl
Aminoacyl

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11
Q

What is required for the initiation of translation?

A

Initiation factors
GTP
Methionine tRNA
40S subunit

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12
Q

What is required to move the first methionine from the A binding site to the P binding site

A

ATP

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13
Q

What allows for the binding of the large 60S subunit to the small 40S subunit?

A

The methionine initiator RNA

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14
Q

What brings the second base of translation to the A site of the ribosomes?

A

An elongation factor (EF-1α)

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15
Q

What enzyme catalyses the formation of peptide bone between amino acids?

A

Peptidyl transferase

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16
Q

What moves the mRNA along the ribosome by 1 triplet?

A

EF-2

17
Q

What releases EF-1α from the aminoacyl-tRNA after it has been moved?

A

The hydrolysis of GTP

18
Q

What regenerates EF-1α to pick up the next aminoacyl-tRNA?

A

EFβγ

19
Q

What binds to stop codons to terminate translation?

A

A release factor

20
Q

What is a polysome?

A

A chain of ribosomes in which the same mRNA strand can move through to form many copies of the same protein

21
Q

Where do proteins formed by free ribosomes move to?

A

Cytosol
Nucleus
Mitochondria

22
Q

Where do proteins formed by bound ribosomes move to?

A

Plasma membrane
ER
Golgi apparatus
Secretion

23
Q

When are proteins from free ribosomes translocated?

A

Post-translationally (After translation)

24
Q

When are proteins from bound ribosomes translocated?

A

Co-translationally (During translation)

25
Q

What is I-cell disease/mucolipidosis II?

A

An inherited disease in which proteins normally destined for ribosomes are not sorted in the golgi, so they are secreted from the cell. This means lysosomes can’t properly digest material

26
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Addition and processing of carbohydrates in the ER and golgi

Foundations of Medicine JMO (56 decks)

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