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Foundations of Medicine > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of acute inflammation?

A

Trauma
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
Necrosis

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2
Q

How strong will inflammation be in the case of necrosis?

A

very strong

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3
Q

What happens to blood vessels during inflammation?

A

They undergo vasodilation

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4
Q

What happens to vascular permeability during inflammation?

A

The permeability of the endothelium increases as endothelial cells move apart

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5
Q

Which chemicals cause vascular changes during inflammation?

A

Histamine and nitric oxide

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6
Q

What is caused by vasodilation of the blood vessels?

A

Heat (Calor)
Erythema (Rubor)

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7
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness

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8
Q

What is stasis?

A

The slowing down of leukocytes due to vasodilation

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9
Q

What is margination?

A

The movement of leukocytes to the outside of the blood vessel walls

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10
Q

What do selectins on endothelial cells adhere to?

A

Proteoglycans on white cekks

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11
Q

What do adhesion molecules on endothelial cells bind to?

A

Integrins on white cells

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12
Q

What occurs due to increased vascular permeability?

A

Neutrophils move into the tunica intima through diapedesis
Proteins move into the tissue
This decreases water potential in the tissue
Water then moves into the tissue
This causes swelling (Tumor)

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13
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

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14
Q

What are the effects of VEGF?

A

Increased vascular permeability
Increased blood supply to the inflamed tissue

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The movement of leukocytes towards a chemical gradient

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16
Q

What are some examples of chemicals that attract white cells?

A

Bacterial components
C5a
C3a
leukotrienes
Interleukins

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17
Q

How are reactive oxygen species formed?

A

NADPH oxidase reduces oxygen
This forms a superoxide
This is then converted into Hydrogen peroxide

18
Q

Which chemicals cause pain in inflammation?

A

Bradykinin and prostaglandins

19
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Chronic inflammation
Restitution

20
Q

What is resolution of inflammation?

A

The preferred outcome, in which the inflammation reduces with no damage

21
Q

What factors usually allow for resolution of inflammation to occur?

A

Shorter lasting inflammation - longer lasting inflammatory responses are less likely to be resolved as foreign bodies will persist and cause damage
Superficial damage - Much easier to resolve if there is a residual framework on which to rebuild
Good blood supply - Healing is an active process so O2 is required for respiration and blood is required for transport of proteins and waste

22
Q

Which conditions can decrease the likelihood of resolution?

A

Hypoxia
Anaemia
Liver failure
Malnutrition

23
Q

What is suppuration?

A

The formation of pus, usually in the form of an abscess

24
Q

What is pus formed from?

A

Dead and damaged macrophages and neutrophils

25
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A formation of pus, containing a bacterial colony

26
Q

Why do abscesses persist?

A

Abscesses have no blood supply to the centre, so no immune cells can reach the bacterial colony

27
Q

How are abscesses treated?

A

Via surgical draining

28
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation caused by a persistent injury or underlying immune cause such as autoimmunity or hypersensitivity

29
Q

What leukocytes are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

30
Q

What are some examples of conditions caused by mycobacteria?

A

Tuberculosis
Leprosy

31
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

An aggregate of epithelial histiocytes (macrophages) with a leukocyte cuff

32
Q

What are the 5 main causes of granuloma formation?

A

Foreign Bodies
Mycobacteria
Parasites
Cancers
Organ specific immune related diseases

33
Q

What are some examples of some organ specific, immune related diseases that can cause granuloma formation?

A

Crohn’s, Polyangiitis, Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

34
Q

What is found at the centre of a granuloma?

A

Caseous Necrosis (Cheese-like)

35
Q

What is the test for mycobacteria in granuloma formation?

A

Ziehls Neelson Staining

36
Q

What does Ziehls Neelson Staining test for?

A

Acid fast Bacilli (Mycobacteria)

37
Q

What is restitution?

A

Cessation of inflammation, but with formation of scar tissue (fibrosis) to fill damaged areas

38
Q

How can cardiac scarring cause damage

A

It decreases muscle contraction which can lead to heart failure
It can lead to nerve damage, decreasing electrical impulses, which can lead to an arrhythmia

39
Q

What is scarring of the liver known as?

A

Cirrhosis

40
Q

What forms scar tissue?

A

Collagen fibres and fibroblasts

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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