Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What joint joins the cranium to the vertebrae?

Answer 1

Craniovertebral joints

Question 2

What joint joins the mandible to the skull?

Answer 2

Temperomandibular joints

Question 3

What joint joints the scapula to the clavicle?

Answer 3

Acromioclavicular joints

Question 4

What joint joins the humorous and the scapula?

Answer 4

Shoulder joint

Question 5

What joint joins the clavicle and sternum?

Answer 5

Sternoclavicular joint

Question 6

What joint joins the manubrium and sternal body?

Answer 6

Sternal angle/ manubriosternal joint

Question 7

What joint joins the ribs and intercostal cartilage?

Answer 7

Costochondral joints

Question 8

What joint joins the intercostal cartilage and sternum?

Answer 8

Sternocostal joints

Question 9

What joint joins the humorous to the ulna and radius?

Answer 9

Elbow joint

Question 10

What joint joins the ulna to the radius at the proximal end?

Answer 10

Proximal radioulnar joint

Question 11

What joint joins the ribs to the vertebrae?

Answer 11

Costovertebral joints

Question 12

What joint joins vertebrae together at the vertebral body?

Answer 12

Intervertebral joints

Question 13

What joint joins articular processes of vertebrae together?

Answer 13

Facet joints

Question 14

What joint joins the radius to the ulna at the distal end?

Answer 14

Distal radioulnar joint

Question 15

What joint joins the ulnar and radius to the carpal bones?

Answer 15

Wrist joint

Question 16

What joint joins the metacarpals to the phalanges?

Answer 16

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 17

What joint joins the distal phalanges to the middle phalanges?

Answer 17

Distal Interphalangeal joints

Question 18

What joint joins the middle phalanges to the proximal phalanges?

Answer 18

Proximal Interphalangeal joints

Question 19

What joint joins the hip bones to the sacrum?

Answer 19

Sacroiliac joints

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 20

What joint joins the left and right hip bones?

Answer 20

Pubic Symphysis

Question 21

What joint joins the hip bone to the femur?

Answer 21

Hip joints

Question 22

What joint connects the femur to the patella and the tibia?

Answer 22

Knee joint

Question 23

What joint connects the tibia and fibular at the distal end?

Answer 23

Distal Tibiofibular joint

Question 24

What joint connects the tibia and fibular at the proximal end?

Answer 24

Proximal Tibiofibular joint

Question 25

What joint joins the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot?

Answer 25

Subtalar joint

Question 26

What joint joins the tibia and fibular to the tarsus bone of the foot?

Answer 26

Ankle joint

Question 27

What joint joins the tarsus and calcaneus bones of the hindfoot to the navicular and cuboid bones of the mid foot?

Answer 27

Midtarsal joint

Question 28

What joint joins the metatarsal bones to the distal phalangeal bones

Answer 28

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 29

What joint joins the distal phalangeal bones to the middle phalangeal bones?

Answer 29

Distal interphalangeal joints

Question 30

What joint joins the middle phalangeal bones to the proximal phalangeal bones?

Answer 30

Proximal interphalangeal joints

Question 31

What sensations are detected by the sensory receptors of the joints nerves?

Answer 31

Pain
Temperature
Touch
Proprioception

Question 32

What are the 3 main types of joint?

Answer 32

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

Question 33

What are the 2 main types of fibrous joints?

Answer 33

Syndesmoses
Sutures

Question 34

What is a syndesmoses?

Answer 34

A fibrous joint that unites bones with a fibrous sheet membrane

Question 35

What is the interosseous membrane?

Answer 35

A syndesmoses between the fibula and tibia

Question 36

What is a suture?

Answer 36

A highly stable fibrous membrane between bones of the skull

Question 37

What is a fontanelle?

Answer 37

A wide suture found in the neonatal skull allowing for moulding during birth

Question 38

What is moulding of the skull?

Answer 38

When the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones slide over each other, making the babies head smaller for passage through the birth canal

Question 39

What are the 3 types of fontanelle?

Answer 39

Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Lateral fontanelles

Question 40

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?

Answer 40

Synchondrosis (primary)
Symphysis (secondary)

Question 41

What is a synchondrosis?

Answer 41

A joint in which a bone is joined to hyaline cartilage

Question 42

What is a symphysis?

Answer 42

A strong, slightly movable joint between the main body of 2 bones, made up of fibrocartilage

Question 43

What is an example of a primary cartilage slip?

Answer 43

Slipped femoral epiphysis in which the femoral epiphyseal growth plate slips from the metaphysis

Question 44

What is an example of a secondary cartilage slip?

Answer 44

Slipped disc in which the intervertebral disc slips from between the vertebral bodies of 2 adjacent vertebrae

Question 45

What are the 2 regions of an intervertebral disc?

Answer 45

Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus
Inner soft nucleus pulposus

Question 46

What percentage of the nucleus pulposus is made up of water in newborns?

Answer 46

90%, which decreases with age

Question 47

What is the risk of a slipped disc?

Answer 47

It can compress the spinal chord

Question 48

What are the features of a synovial joint

Answer 48

2 or more bones covered in hyaline ‘articular’ cartilage
A capsule that wraps around the joint containing a joint cavity, supported by ligaments and associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
Associated with bursae

Question 49

What is a bursa?

Answer 49

An extended space of the joint cavity that prevents friction between bones

Question 50

What is contained in the joint cavity?

Answer 50

Synovial fluid

Question 51

What is the function of the synovial fluid?

Answer 51

Cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint

Question 52

What does a ligament connect?

Answer 52

A bone to a bone

Question 53

What does a tendon connect?

Answer 53

A bone to a muscle

Question 54

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?

Answer 54

Pivot
Ball and socket
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial

Question 55

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 55

A joint that allows rotation around 1 axis e.g. the atlantoaxial joint that allows shaking of the head

Question 56

What joint joins the Atlas and axis vertebrae?

Answer 56

Atlantoaxial joint

Question 57

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 57

A joint that consists of a rounded head of a bone fitting into a concavity allowing for multi-axial movement e.g. the hip joint that allows circumduction

Question 58

What is a plane joint?

Answer 58

A joint that consists of 2 flattened bones that can glide over each other, allowing for minimal movement e.g. the acromioclavicular joint between the clavicle and scapula

Question 59

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 59

A joint that allows uniaxial movement, leading to only flexion and extension e.g. the elbow joint

Question 60

What are the 2 types of biaxial joint?

Answer 60

Saddle
Condyloid

Question 61

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 61

A biaxial joint in which a saddle shaped heads permit movement in 2 different planes e.g. the carpometacarpal joint of the hand

Question 62

What joint joins the carpal bones to the metacarpals?

Answer 62

Carpometacarpal joint

Question 63

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 63

A biaxial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction e.g. the metacarpophalangeal joint in the hand

Question 64

What determines the possible movement of a joint?

Answer 64

The shape of the articular surface

Question 65

What is a subluxation?

Answer 65

An injury in which a torn ligament leads to a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

Question 66

What is a dislocation?

Answer 66

An injury in which a torn ligament leads to complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 67

Which hormone causes relaxation and softening of ligaments during pregnancy, leading to dislocation of the pubic symphysis?

Answer 67

Relaxin

Question 68

What is the most common dislocation of the skull?

Answer 68

Dislocation of the temperomandibular joint

Question 69

What occurs during dislocation of the temperomandibular joint?

Answer 69

The head of the condylar process of the mandible moves past the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and becomes lodged in the glenoid fossa

Question 70

What is a circular muscle?

Answer 70

A muscle that surrounds an opening allowing it to close and open e.g. orbiculares oculi surrounding the eye

Question 71

What is a fusiform muscle?

Answer 71

A spindle shaped muscle e.g. biceps brachii

Question 72

What is a flat muscle with aponeurosis?

Answer 72

A large flat muscle supported by an aponeurosis e.g. external oblique

Question 73

What is a quadrate muscle?

Answer 73

A 4 sided, rectangular muscle e.g. rectus abdominus

Question 74

What is a pennate muscle?

Answer 74

A feather like muscle with many attachments e.g. deltoid

Question 75

What muscle allows for elevation and depression of the shoulders?

Answer 75

Levator scapula

Question 76

What are the 2 attachment areas of a muscle?

Answer 76

Origin, usually on the most stable side
Insertion, usually on the most mobile side

Question 77

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 77

A flattened tendon, most commonly associated with flat muscle, and attached muscle to soft tissue instead of a bone

Question 78

What are the 2 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

Answer 78

Stretch reflex
Flexion withdrawal reflex

Question 79

What is a flexion withdrawal reflex?

Answer 79

A sudden flexion to withdraw from a potential danger

Question 80

What are the 4 main stretch reflexes?

Answer 80

Biceps jerk, triceps jerk, knee jerk and ankle jerk

Question 81

How does a stretch reflex occur?

Answer 81

A sudden, brief stretch is applied to a muscle via its tendon, causing the muscle to contract. This results in a twitch, and then the muscle is prevented from overstretching, and the muscle relaxes.

Question 82

What is paralysis of a muscle?

Answer 82

When the motor nerve supply to a muscle is stopped, so the muscle cannot contract, leading to a decreased tone upon examination

Question 83

What is spasticity?

Answer 83

When a muscle does have a working motor nerve supply, but the descending controls of the brain are not working, leading to an increased tone on examination

Question 84

What is muscle atrophy?

Answer 84

wastage of the muscles, in which the myocytes become smaller and the muscle loses bulk.

Question 85

What is muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 85

The process in which skeletal muscles enlarge due to enlargement of each individual myocyte

Question 86

What is cell hyperplasia?

Answer 86

A process in which the number of cells increases, while their size stays the same