Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
What joint joins the cranium to the vertebrae?
Craniovertebral joints
What joint joins the mandible to the skull?
Temperomandibular joints
What joint joints the scapula to the clavicle?
Acromioclavicular joints
What joint joins the humorous and the scapula?
Shoulder joint
What joint joins the clavicle and sternum?
Sternoclavicular joint
What joint joins the manubrium and sternal body?
Sternal angle/ manubriosternal joint
What joint joins the ribs and intercostal cartilage?
Costochondral joints
What joint joins the intercostal cartilage and sternum?
Sternocostal joints
What joint joins the humorous to the ulna and radius?
Elbow joint
What joint joins the ulna to the radius at the proximal end?
Proximal radioulnar joint
What joint joins the ribs to the vertebrae?
Costovertebral joints
What joint joins vertebrae together at the vertebral body?
Intervertebral joints
What joint joins articular processes of vertebrae together?
Facet joints
What joint joins the radius to the ulna at the distal end?
Distal radioulnar joint
What joint joins the ulnar and radius to the carpal bones?
Wrist joint
What joint joins the metacarpals to the phalanges?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
What joint joins the distal phalanges to the middle phalanges?
Distal Interphalangeal joints
What joint joins the middle phalanges to the proximal phalanges?
Proximal Interphalangeal joints
What joint joins the hip bones to the sacrum?
Sacroiliac joints
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
What joint joins the hip bone to the femur?
Hip joints
What joint connects the femur to the patella and the tibia?
Knee joint
What joint connects the tibia and fibular at the distal end?
Distal Tibiofibular joint
What joint connects the tibia and fibular at the proximal end?
Proximal Tibiofibular joint
What joint joins the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot?
Subtalar joint
What joint joins the tibia and fibular to the tarsus bone of the foot?
Ankle joint
What joint joins the tarsus and calcaneus bones of the hindfoot to the navicular and cuboid bones of the mid foot?
Midtarsal joint
What joint joins the metatarsal bones to the distal phalangeal bones
Metatarsophalangeal joints
What joint joins the distal phalangeal bones to the middle phalangeal bones?
Distal interphalangeal joints
What joint joins the middle phalangeal bones to the proximal phalangeal bones?
Proximal interphalangeal joints
What sensations are detected by the sensory receptors of the joints nerves?
Pain
Temperature
Touch
Proprioception
What are the 3 main types of joint?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
What are the 2 main types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmoses
Sutures
What is a syndesmoses?
A fibrous joint that unites bones with a fibrous sheet membrane
What is the interosseous membrane?
A syndesmoses between the fibula and tibia
What is a suture?
A highly stable fibrous membrane between bones of the skull
What is a fontanelle?
A wide suture found in the neonatal skull allowing for moulding during birth
What is moulding of the skull?
When the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones slide over each other, making the babies head smaller for passage through the birth canal
What are the 3 types of fontanelle?
Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Lateral fontanelles
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?
Synchondrosis (primary)
Symphysis (secondary)
What is a synchondrosis?
A joint in which a bone is joined to hyaline cartilage
What is a symphysis?
A strong, slightly movable joint between the main body of 2 bones, made up of fibrocartilage
What is an example of a primary cartilage slip?
Slipped femoral epiphysis in which the femoral epiphyseal growth plate slips from the metaphysis
What is an example of a secondary cartilage slip?
Slipped disc in which the intervertebral disc slips from between the vertebral bodies of 2 adjacent vertebrae
What are the 2 regions of an intervertebral disc?
Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus
Inner soft nucleus pulposus
What percentage of the nucleus pulposus is made up of water in newborns?
90%, which decreases with age
What is the risk of a slipped disc?
It can compress the spinal chord
What are the features of a synovial joint
2 or more bones covered in hyaline ‘articular’ cartilage
A capsule that wraps around the joint containing a joint cavity, supported by ligaments and associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
Associated with bursae
What is a bursa?
An extended space of the joint cavity that prevents friction between bones
What is contained in the joint cavity?
Synovial fluid
What is the function of the synovial fluid?
Cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint
What does a ligament connect?
A bone to a bone
What does a tendon connect?
A bone to a muscle
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?
Pivot
Ball and socket
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial
What is a pivot joint?
A joint that allows rotation around 1 axis e.g. the atlantoaxial joint that allows shaking of the head
What joint joins the Atlas and axis vertebrae?
Atlantoaxial joint
What is a ball and socket joint?
A joint that consists of a rounded head of a bone fitting into a concavity allowing for multi-axial movement e.g. the hip joint that allows circumduction
What is a plane joint?
A joint that consists of 2 flattened bones that can glide over each other, allowing for minimal movement e.g. the acromioclavicular joint between the clavicle and scapula
What is a hinge joint?
A joint that allows uniaxial movement, leading to only flexion and extension e.g. the elbow joint
What are the 2 types of biaxial joint?
Saddle
Condyloid
What is a saddle joint?
A biaxial joint in which a saddle shaped heads permit movement in 2 different planes e.g. the carpometacarpal joint of the hand
What joint joins the carpal bones to the metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal joint
What is a condyloid joint?
A biaxial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction e.g. the metacarpophalangeal joint in the hand
What determines the possible movement of a joint?
The shape of the articular surface
What is a subluxation?
An injury in which a torn ligament leads to a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
What is a dislocation?
An injury in which a torn ligament leads to complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Which hormone causes relaxation and softening of ligaments during pregnancy, leading to dislocation of the pubic symphysis?
Relaxin
What is the most common dislocation of the skull?
Dislocation of the temperomandibular joint
What occurs during dislocation of the temperomandibular joint?
The head of the condylar process of the mandible moves past the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and becomes lodged in the glenoid fossa
What is a circular muscle?
A muscle that surrounds an opening allowing it to close and open e.g. orbiculares oculi surrounding the eye
What is a fusiform muscle?
A spindle shaped muscle e.g. biceps brachii
What is a flat muscle with aponeurosis?
A large flat muscle supported by an aponeurosis e.g. external oblique
What is a quadrate muscle?
A 4 sided, rectangular muscle e.g. rectus abdominus
What is a pennate muscle?
A feather like muscle with many attachments e.g. deltoid
What muscle allows for elevation and depression of the shoulders?
Levator scapula
What are the 2 attachment areas of a muscle?
Origin, usually on the most stable side
Insertion, usually on the most mobile side
What is an aponeurosis?
A flattened tendon, most commonly associated with flat muscle, and attached muscle to soft tissue instead of a bone
What are the 2 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?
Stretch reflex
Flexion withdrawal reflex
What is a flexion withdrawal reflex?
A sudden flexion to withdraw from a potential danger
What are the 4 main stretch reflexes?
Biceps jerk, triceps jerk, knee jerk and ankle jerk
How does a stretch reflex occur?
A sudden, brief stretch is applied to a muscle via its tendon, causing the muscle to contract. This results in a twitch, and then the muscle is prevented from overstretching, and the muscle relaxes.
What is paralysis of a muscle?
When the motor nerve supply to a muscle is stopped, so the muscle cannot contract, leading to a decreased tone upon examination
What is spasticity?
When a muscle does have a working motor nerve supply, but the descending controls of the brain are not working, leading to an increased tone on examination
What is muscle atrophy?
wastage of the muscles, in which the myocytes become smaller and the muscle loses bulk.
What is muscle hypertrophy?
The process in which skeletal muscles enlarge due to enlargement of each individual myocyte
What is cell hyperplasia?
A process in which the number of cells increases, while their size stays the same
