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Foundations of Medicine JMO > Cell death and ageing > Flashcards

Cell death and ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of cell death?

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis

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2
Q

Is apoptosis active or passive?

A

Active (Requires ATP)

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3
Q

Is necrosis active or passive?

A

Passive (Requires ATP)

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4
Q

When does necrosis occur?

A

Only in a pathology, it is not a physiological process

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5
Q

When can apoptosis occur?

A

In physiology and in pathology, it is a natural process

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis

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7
Q

What is shown under the microscope in coagulative necrosis?

A

Ghost outlines of cells

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8
Q

What occurs in coagulative necrosis?

A

Autolysis by enzymes in the cell consume the dead cells

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9
Q

What type of necrosis is most commonly found in cardiac muscle after a myocardial infarction?

A

Coagulative necrosis

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10
Q

What occurs in liquefactive necrosis?

A

A liquid, viscous mass forms in the tissue
It can be associated with pus and bacterial or fungal infection

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11
Q

What type of necrosis is commonly found in the brain after a stroke?

A

Liquefactive necrosis as brain tissue does not regenerate, so holes form that don’t heal or scar, so usually fill with the viscous liquid mass

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12
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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13
Q

What is graft versus host disease?

A

A disease caused by the presence of immune cells brought in by a transplanted organ that attacks the host

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14
Q

What are the 2 pathways of apoptosis?

A

Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway

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15
Q

What stimulates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

The Fas ligand binds to Fas death receptors on the cell membrane, forming the death domain

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16
Q

What occurs during the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Fas ligand binds to Fas death receptor
This activates Pro-caspase 8
This causes a chain reaction (Caspase Cascade)
This activates executioner caspase
This causes apoptosis

17
Q

What occurs during the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Growth signals usually promote production of anti-apoptotic molecules in mitochondrial membrane
These are replaced by Bak or Bacterial molecules
They increase permeability allowing substances such as cytochrome C to spill out
This then stimulates the caspase cascade

18
Q

What usually binds to Bax to prevent apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway?

A

Bcl-2

19
Q

How does p53 stimulate apoptosis?

A

Via the intrinsic pathway

20
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Cell shrinkage

21
Q

What are the morphological features of a cell undergoing apoptosis?

A

Cell shrinkage - pyknosis
Chromatin condensation
Macrophage presence
Cytoplasmic blebs - as cytoplasm breaks up

Foundations of Medicine JMO (56 decks)

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