Biochemistry Flashcards
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy comes unavailable to do work
What is enthalpy a measure of?
Heat content
What is entropy a measure of?
Disorder or randomness
What is the formula for ∆G?
∆G=∆H - T∆S
∆G=ΔG0’ + RT Ln([C][D]/[A][B])
What is an exergonic reaction?
A reaction in which the value of ∆G is negative, so the reaction is feasible
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction in which the value of ∆G is positive so the reaction is not feasible and require an energy input to proceed
What is ΔG0’?
The change in free energy under standard conditions
What are the biochemical standard conditions?
T=298K
Pressure = 1atm
Concentration = 1 mol/dm^3 (except for H+)
pH = 7
What is the value of ∆G at equilibrium?
0
What does a ∆G value near 0 suggest?
The reaction is readily reversible
What is the formula for ΔG0’?
ΔG0’=-RTLnKeq
What is the formula of Keq?
Keq= [C][D] / [A][B]
Are most cellular processes exergonic or endergonic?
Endergonic, so are not feasible
What reaction do most cellular endergonic reactions couple with?
The reaction of ATP and H2O to form ADP, Pi and H+
What bond for between phosphate groups of ATP?
Phosphoric anhydride bonds
What are the characteristics of a phosphate anhydride bond?
They are under strain due to the negative charges of the phosphate group so are high energy and are broken to relieve strain and energy
What is metabolism?
All of the reactions taking place in the body
What is catabolism?
Breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones and releasing energy
What is anabolism?
Synthesising complex molecules out of smaller ones in energy-consuming reactions
Is water polar or non-polar?
Polar
Which amino acids are non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids? (8)
Leucine
Proline
Alanine
Valine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Which amino acids are polar, uncharged amino acids? (7)
Glycine
Serine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Threonine
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Which amino acids are acidic?
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Which amino acids are basic?
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
What is the isoelectric pH?
The pH at which a molecule has no net charge
How long does ATP act as an energy source for when running?
4 seconds
How long does phosphocreatinine act as an energy source for when running?
15 seconds
How long does free circulating glucose act as an energy source for when running?
4 minutes
How long do glycogen stores act as an energy source for when running?
77 minutes
How long do fat stores act as an energy source for when running?
4+ days
Which cytotoxin is released by highly virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus, leading to necrotising fasciitis?
Panton Valentine Leukocidin
