Rhinitis Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with rhinitis?
Nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, and itching. History of exposure to allergens or irritants. Symptoms may be seasonal or perennial.
What are the key physical examination findings in rhinitis?
Swollen, pale, or bluish nasal mucosa. Clear or mucoid nasal discharge. Possible conjunctival injection and allergic shiners.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing rhinitis?
Clinical diagnosis based on history and physical exam. Allergy testing (skin or blood tests) to identify specific allergens. Nasal endoscopy in refractory cases.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for rhinitis?
Avoidance of known allergens or triggers. Saline nasal irrigation. Use of air purifiers and maintaining clean living environment.
What are the pharmacological management options for rhinitis?
Intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone). Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine, loratadine). Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine) for short-term relief.
What are the red flags to look for in rhinitis patients?
Severe or persistent symptoms despite treatment. Signs of secondary infection: fever, purulent discharge. Nasal obstruction not responsive to initial management.
When should a patient with rhinitis be referred to a specialist?
Refractory rhinitis not responding to medical treatment. Suspected nasal polyps or structural abnormalities. Need for advanced diagnostic evaluation.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to rhinitis?
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to allergens, irritants, or infections. Leads to nasal congestion, discharge, and sneezing.
