Glaucoma Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with glaucoma?
Gradual loss of peripheral vision (open-angle glaucoma). Sudden onset of severe eye pain, nausea, and blurred vision (angle-closure glaucoma). Family history of glaucoma.
What are the key physical examination findings in glaucoma?
Increased intraocular pressure. Optic nerve cupping visible on fundoscopy. Visual field loss on perimetry testing.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing glaucoma?
Measurement of intraocular pressure (tonometry). Gonioscopy to assess the angle of the anterior chamber. Visual field testing and optic nerve imaging.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for glaucoma?
Regular eye exams to monitor intraocular pressure and optic nerve health. Educate on the importance of adherence to treatment. Avoidance of medications that increase eye pressure.
What are the pharmacological management options for glaucoma?
Topical eye drops to reduce intraocular pressure (e.g., prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, alpha agonists). Oral medications (e.g., acetazolamide) for acute angle-closure glaucoma. Surgical options for refractory cases.
What are the red flags to look for in glaucoma patients?
Rapid progression of vision loss. Severe eye pain, headache, nausea, and vomiting (acute angle-closure glaucoma). Signs of systemic illness affecting the eyes.
When should a patient with glaucoma be referred to a specialist?
Severe or refractory glaucoma not responding to medical treatment. Need for surgical intervention. Complex or atypical presentation requiring further evaluation.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to glaucoma?
Damage to the optic nerve due to increased intraocular pressure. Leads to progressive vision loss starting with peripheral vision. Can be caused by impaired drainage of aqueous humor or increased production.
