Révision 2 anglais Flashcards
an increase in an amount, a number, or a level
[countable] rise
/raɪz/
- a tax rise*
- The industry is feeling the effects of recent price rises.*
rise in sth. There has been a sharp rise in the number of people out of work.
rise of sth. a rise of 10 per cent
(especially British English) at or to a greater distance
origin: ?
also: ?
further
/ˈfɜːðə(r)/
origin: comparative of far
also: farther
/ˈfɑːðə(r)/
- We had walked a bit further than I had realized.*
- The hospital is further down the road.*
- Can you stand a bit further away?*
a written or spoken description of sth. that has happened
account
/əˈkaʊnt/
- a first-hand/personal/first-person account*
- an eyewitness account* (= a description given by sb. who saw what happened)
account of sth. Can you give us an account of what happened?
The diaries contained detailed accounts of the writer’s experiences in China.
(formal) to claim to be sth. or to have done sth., when this may not be true.
(formal) syn.: ?
to purport (to be/have sth.)
/pəˈpɔːt/
(formal) syn.: to profess
/prəˈfes/
- They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school.*
- The man purported to be the owner.*
- The study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease.*
a belief or feeling that sth. is true or that sth. will happen, although there is no proof
[countable] assumption
/əˈsʌmpʃn/
- an underlying/implicit assumption*
- It was impossible to make assumptions about people’s reactions.*
- We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up.*
to keep a permanent account of facts or events by writing them down, filming them, storing them in a computer, etc.
[transitive] to record
/’rɪkɔːd/
to record sth. You should record all your expenses during your trip.
to record how, what, etc… His job is to record how politicians vote on major issues.
to record that… She recorded in her diary that they crossed the Equator on 15 June.
it is recorded that… It is recorded that, by the year 630, four hundred monks were attached to the monastery.
to show sb./sth. in a picture; to describe sb./sth. in a piece of writing
(rather formal) syn.: ?
to portray sb./sth.
/pɔːˈtreɪ/
(rather formal) syn.: to depict
/dɪˈpɪkt/
- The painting portrays the duke’s third wife.*
- He was one of the first to portray animals from the New World.*
- His war poetry vividly portrays life in the trenches.*
(of a country’s currency or economy) to become stronger; to make sb./sth. stronger
noun (the fact to become stronger): ?
opp.: ?
[transitive, intr.] to strengthen
/ˈstreŋθn/
noun (the fact to become stronger): strengthening
/ˈstreŋkθnɪŋ/
opp.: to weaken
/ˈwiːkən/
to strengthen (against sth.) Yesterday the pound strengthened against the dollar.
The fall in unemployment is a sign of a strengthening economy.
to strengthen sth. The measures should help create jobs and strengthen the economy.
(formal) to happen
[intransitive] to occur
/əˈkɜː(r)/
- When exactly did the incident occur?*
- Something unexpected occurred.*
- Three major events occurred in my life that year.*
according to what other people say
syn.: ?
from all accounts
/frəm ɔːl əˈkaʊnts/
syn.: by all accounts
/baɪ ɔːl əˈkaʊnts/
- In truth, the real Buddha was North Indian, and from all accounts he was tall and most likely had a very slim physique.*
- Mr President, from all accounts, the human rights situation in China has deteriorated considerably.*
- I’ve never been there, but it’s a lovely place, by all accounts.*
to be different from sth., when the two things should be the same
syn.: ?
to be at odds (with sth.)
/bi ət ɒdz/
syn.: to conflict
/ˈkɒnflɪkt/
- These findings are at odds with what is going on in the rest of the country.*
- This perception of the record is, however, somewhat at odds with the facts.*
a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happens in a continuing situation
[countable] development
/dɪˈveləpmənt/
- Have there been any further developments?*
- We welcome the recent positive developments.*
development in sth. the latest developments in the war
(adv.; formal) for this reason
hence
/hens/
- We suspect they are trying to hide something, hence the need for an independent inquiry.*
- These screws are more robust and hence last longer.*
- The contract is signed, hence it is valid.*
to continue over a period of time
[intransitive] to stretch + adv./prep.
/stretʃ/
- The town’s history stretches back to before 1500 (fifteen hundred).*
- The training stretches over a period of 16 months.*
- The talks look set to stretch into a second week.*
(formal) to begin to exist or develop
[intransitive] to arise
/əˈraɪz/
- Several new industries arose in the town.*
- Problems arise when kids leave school.*
- Heavy Metal music really arose in the late 60s.*
sth. that you say or write that gives information or an opinion
[countable] statement
/ˈsteɪtmənt/
- Are the following statements true or false ?*
- The article contained several false statements.*
- He made a rather misleading statement.*
statement about sth. I didn’t agree with her statement about education.
an explanation that includes the general points about sth., but not the details
overview
/ˈəʊvəvjuː/
- The opening chapter gives a brief historical overview of the subject.*
- The seminar aims to provide an overview on new media publishing.*
- My main concern is to get an overview of the main environmental problems facing the area.*
slowly, over a long period of time
gradually
/ˈɡrædʒuəli/
- to gradually increase/decrease*
- Gradually, the children began to understand.*
- Women have gradually become more involved in the decision-making process.*
to some extent but not very
[before adjectives and adverbs] fairly
/ˈfeəli/
(before an adj.) I know him fairly well, but I wouldn’t say we were really close friends.
This is a fairly common problem.
(before an adv.) I go jogging fairly regularly.
We’ll have to leave fairly soon (= before very long).
not exact; not including all details
syn.: ?
rough
/rʌf/
syn.: approximate
/əˈprɒksɪmət/
- a rough calculation/estimate of the cost*
- I’ve got a rough idea of where I want to go.*
- We only had his rather rough version of events.*
a person or thing that came before and influenced sb./sth. else that is similar; a sign of what is going to happen; an indication beforehand of sth. to follow
forerunner (of sb./sth.)
/ˈfɔːrʌnə(r)/
- Country music was undoubtedly one of the forerunners of rock and roll.*
- He is recognized as the forerunner of all modern-day British Prime Ministers.*
- An early penalty goal proved the forerunner of a disastrous performance by Scotland.*
to mention sth. for people to discuss or sb. to deal with
syn.: ?
to raise
/reɪz/
syn.: to broach
/brəʊtʃ/
- The book raises many important questions.*
- I have raised this issue with the environmental health office.*
- Local residents have raised concerns about late-night noise.*
(formal) to make a feeling or situation exist
to engender sth.
ɪnˈdʒendə(r)/
- The issue engendered controversy.*
- problems engendered by the restructuring of the company*
- The place engendered immediate feelings of friendship and belonging.*
to give up sth./sb. when you are forced to
(formal) syn.: ?
to surrender sth
/səˈrendə(r)/
(formal) syn.: to relinquish
/rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
to surrender sb./sth. The defendant was released to await trial but had to surrender her passport.
to surrender sb./sth. to sb. They surrendered their guns to the police.
The dictator surrendered power to Parliament.
careful when dealing with sb./sth. because you think that there may be a danger or problem
comparative, superlative: ?
syn.: ?
opp.: ?
wary (of sb./sth.)
/ˈweəri/
comparative, superlative: warier, wariest
syn.: cautious
/ˈkɔːʃəs/
opp.: [only before noun] unwary
/ʌnˈweəri/
- He gave her a wary look.*
- The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town* (= watch it carefully, in case there is trouble).
wary (of sb./sth.) Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride.
wary (of doing sth.) She was wary of getting involved with him.
right or appropriate for a particular purpose or occasion and acceptable for it
opp.: ?
suitable
/ˈsuːtəbl/
opp.: unsuitable
/ʌnˈsuːtəbl/
a suitable candidate
suitable for sb./sth. This programme is not suitable for children.
suitable to do sth. I don’t have anything suitable to wear for the party.
a disagreement or difference in opinion, way of life, etc., especially between members of a society or an organization
[countable, uncount.] division
/dɪˈvɪʒn/
class/racial/ethnic divisions
division (in sth.) (over sth.) There are deep divisions in the party over the war.
division within sth. the work of healing the divisions within society
division between A and B. divisions between rich and poor
division among sb./sth. He hopes to heal divisions among his people.
a particular attitude towards sth.; a way of thinking about sth.
syn.: ?
[countable] perspective
/pəˈspektɪv/
syn.: viewpoint
/ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/
- A historical perspective may help us understand the issue.*
- The aim is to offer a fresh perspective.*
from a… perspective. Try to see the issue from a different perspective.
from the perspective of sb./sth. a report that looks at the education system from the perspective of deaf people
perspective on sth. The exhibition provides us with a unique perspective on her work.
to control and use the force or strength of sth. to produce power or to achieve sth.
to harness (sth.)
/ˈhɑːnɪs/
- attempts to harness the sun’s rays as a source of energy*
- We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce*
- How can this energy be harnessed effectively for the good of humankind?*
in every way that is important; completely
fundamentally
/ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/
- The two approaches are fundamentally different.*
- By the 1960s the situation had changed fundamentally.*
- They remained fundamentally opposed to the plan.*
to become different; to make sb./sth. different
[transitive, intr.] to alter
/ˈɔːltə(r)/
- Prices did not alter significantly during 2014.*
- He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him.*
to alter sb./sth. He has the power to fundamentally alter the course of history.
Fame hasn’t really altered her.
to affect or be relevant to sth.; to concern or relate to sb./sth.
[not used in the progressive tenses; transitive, intr.] to apply
/əˈplaɪ/
Special conditions apply if you are under 18.
to apply to sb./sth. The rules applied to employees and their behaviour at work.
What I am saying applies only to some of you.
to apply sth. to sb./sth. The word ‘unexciting’ could never be applied to her novels.
very suddenly and to a very great and often surprising degree
dramatically
/drəˈmætɪkli/
- Prices have increased dramatically in the last few years.*
- Events could have developed in a dramatically different way.*
- Since then the situation has changed dramatically.*
(formal) as a result of sth. just mentioned
syn.: ?
(formal) syn.: ?
thus
/ðʌs/
syn.: therefore
/ˈðeəfɔː(r)/
(formal) syn.: hence
/hens/
- He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title.*
- We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.*
the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group
[uncountable] welfare
/ˈwelfeə(r)/
- We are concerned about the child’s welfare.*
- The government’s policies will promote the welfare of all citizens.*
- Animal welfare groups want this practice banned altogether.*
(adv.) despite what has just been said
syn.: ?
yet
/jet/
syn.: nevertheless
/ˌnevəðəˈles/
- It’s a small car, yet it’s surprisingly spacious.*
- He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.*
apart from that; except for what has just been referred to
otherwise
/ˈʌðəwaɪz/
- There was some music playing upstairs. Otherwise the house was silent.*
- He was slightly bruised but otherwise unhurt.*
- The bike needs a new wheel, but otherwise it’s in good condition.*
a wide and open area of sth., especially land or water
[countable] expanse (of sth.)
/ɪkˈspæns/
- flat expanses of open farmland*
- a wide/vast expanse of blue sky*
- the white expanses of the frozen north*
a problem or worry that sb. has with sth.
[countable] issue
/ˈɪʃuː/
Money is not an issue.
issue about/around sb./sth. She’s always on a diet—she has issues about food.
issue with sb./sth. He still has some issues with women (= has some problems dealing with them).
(formal) to exist or be found somewhere
[intransitive] to occur (+ adv./prep.)
/əˈkɜː(r)/
- Sugar occurs naturally in fruit.*
- naturally occurring chemicals in the brain*
- Lemurs* (/ˈliːmə(r)/) occur in the wild only in Madagascar.
