Chapter 1B - Reverse edition Flashcards
Definition
underlying
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/
Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.
important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly
Definition
to summarize (sth.)
/ˈsʌməraɪz/
The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.
to give a statement of the main points of sth.
Definition
to pollute
/pəˈluːt/
The river has been polluted with toxic waste from local factories.
to add dirty or harmful substances to land, air, water, etc. so that it is no longer pleasant or safe to use
Definition
privacy
/ˈprɪvəsi/
freedom of speech and the right to privacy
the state of being free from the attention of the public
Definition
devout
/dɪˈvaʊt/
a devout Christian/Muslim
(of a person) believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices
Definition
to make a call
to take a decision, when you have to chose among a definite number of possibilities
Definition
to elaborate
/ɪˈlæbəreɪt/
This point will be elaborated further in the next chapter.
to develop a plan, an idea, etc. and make it complicated or detailed
Definition
surplus
/ˈsɜːpləs/
The balance of payments was in surplus last year
the amount by which the amount of money received is greater than the amount of money spent
Definition
a course
/kɔːs/
esp. a course of action : What course of action would you recommend ?
The wisest course would be to say nothing.
a way of acting in or dealing with a particular situation
Definition
ultimately
/ˈʌltɪmətli/
All life depends ultimately on oxygen.
at the most basic and important level
Definition
[uncountable] starvation
/stɑːˈveɪʃn/
Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought.
the state of suffering and death caused by having no food
Definition
[uncountable, plural] abuse
/əˈbjuːs/
allegations of human rights abuses
unfair, cruel or violent treatment of sb.
Definition
[phrasal verb] to refer to
The victims were not referred to by name.
to mention or speak about sb./sth.
Definition
[intrans., transitive] to overlap
/ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
the elimination of the overlapping operations led to an immediate improvement of productivity
if two events … or … each other, the second one starts before the first one has finished
Definition
invasion
/ɪnˈveɪʒn/
the German invasion of Poland in 1939
the act of an army entering another country by force in order to take control of it
Definition
[uncountable] data
/ˈdeɪtə/
data retrieval (= ways of keeping or finding information on a computer)
information that is stored by a computer
Definition
either
/ˈaɪðə(r)/ ou /ˈiːðə(r)/
There’s a door at either end of the corridor.
each of two
Definition
alienation
/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/
Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.
the feeling that you do not belong in a particular group
Definition
to label
/ˈleɪbl/
The file was labelled ‘Private’.
to fix a … on sth. or write information on sth.
Definition
[countable] hypothesis
/haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/
plural : hypotheses
/haɪˈpɒθəsiːz/
syn. : theory
/ˈθɪəri/
to formulate/confirm a hypothesis
an idea or explanation of sth. that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct
plural = ?
syn. : ?
Definition
conciliatory
/kənˈsɪliətəri/
She had been too conciliatory towards her staff.
having the intention or effect of making angry people calm
Definition
theme
/θiːm/
The President stressed a favourite campaign theme—greater emphasis on education.
the subject or main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art
Definition
frustration
/frʌˈstreɪʃn/
She couldn’t stand the frustration of not being able to help.
the feeling of being frustrated
Definition
to stand aside
/stænd əˈsaɪd/
Don’t stand aside and let others do all the work.
to not get involved in sth.
Definition
compelling
/kəmˈpelɪŋ/
There is no compelling reason to believe him.
that makes you think it is true
Definition
a drain (on sb./sth.)
/dreɪn/
Military spending is a huge drain on the country’s resources.
a thing that uses a lot of the time, money, etc. that could be used for sth. else
Definition
vexing
/ˈveksɪŋ/
I found their attitude extremely vexing.
(old-fashioned or formal) annoying or worrying
Definition
headline
/ˈhedlaɪn/
They ran the story under the headline ‘Home at last!’
the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters, especially at the top of the front page
Definition
[intransitive, trans.] to imagine
/ɪˈmædʒɪn/
The house was just as she had imagined it.
to form a picture in your mind of what sth. might be like
Definition
developmental
/dɪˌveləpˈmentl/
The product is still at a developmental stage.
in a state of developing or being developed
Definition
crisis
/ˈkraɪsɪs/
plural : crises
/ˈkraɪsiːz/
- a political/financial crisis*
- The Labour Party was facing an identity crisis.*
a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made
plural : ?
Definition
[countable] dream
/driːm/
She tried to turn her dream of runn_ing_ her own business into reality.
a wish to do sth., especially one that seems difficult to achieve
Definition
[intransitive] to differ
/ˈdɪfə(r)/
Medical opinion differs as to how to treat the disease.
to disagree with sb.
Definition
to counsel
/ˈkaʊnsl/
Most experts counsel caution in such cases.
(formal) to advise sb. to do sth.
Definition
to convey
/kənˈveɪ/
A carriage was waiting to convey her home.
to take, carry or transport sb./sth. from one place to another
Definition
billion
/ˈbɪljən/
one thousand million
Definition
[phrasal verb - no passive] to descend into sth.
The country was descending into chaos.
(formal) to gradually get into a bad state
Definition
to sidetrack (s.o. into doing sth.)
/ˈsaɪdtræk/
This last-minute agreement must not, however, sidetrack us from the reasons we are sitting at such a late hour.
to make sb. start to talk about or do sth. that is different from the main thing that they are supposed to be talking about or doing
Definition
to verify (sth./that/whether)
/ˈverɪfaɪ/
- We have no way of verifying (Ø) his story.*
- Please verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.*
- I’ll leave you to verify whether these claims are true.*
(formal) to check that sth. is true or accurate
Definition
hostile
/ˈhɒstaɪl/
- The speaker got a hostile reception from the audience.*
- She was openly hostile towards her parents.*
very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight
Definition
[often passive] to educate
/ˈedʒukeɪt/
She was educated in the US.
to teach sb. over a period of time at a school, university, etc.
Definition
prominent
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
- a prominent politician*
- He played a prominent part in the campaign.*
important or well known
Definition
Jordan
/ˈdʒɔːdn/
a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia.
It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel and Palestine to the west.
Definition
(an) adherent
/ədˈhɪərənt/
Prescriptive grammarians are seen as blind adherents to outdated norms of formal usage.
(formal) a person who supports a political party or set of ideas
Definition
earnestly
/ˈɜːnɪstli/
He gazed earnestly into my eyes.
in a very serious and sincere way
Definition
[countable, usually plural] depth
/depθ/
to live in the depths of the country (= a long way from a town)
the deepest, most extreme or serious part of sth.
Definition
a compulsion (to do sth.)
/kəmˈpʌlʃn/
syn. : a urge
- He felt a great compulsion to tell her everything.*
- Obsessions and compulsions often develop in people who live stressful lives.*
a strong desire to do sth., especially sth. that is wrong, silly or dangerous
syn. : ?
Definition
[uncountable] ø certainty
/ˈsɜːtnti/
There is no certainty that the president’s removal would end the civil war.
the state of being certain
Definition
illiteracy
/ɪˈlɪtərəsi/
opp. : literacy
The illiteracy rate on the island is still unacceptably high.
the inability to read or write
opp. : ?
Definition
[countable] case
/keɪs/
The company only dismisses its employees in cases of gross misconduct.
a particular situation or a situation of a particular type
Definition
to tear apart (sth.)
/teə(r) əˈpɑːt/
The bomb tears apart a packed passenger train.
to destroy sth. violently, especially by pulling it to pieces
Definition
a theorist
/ˈθɪərɪst/
Feminist theorists have long talked about the way women are represented in the media.
a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist
Definition
massacre
/ˈmæsəkə(r)/
the bloody massacre of innocent civilians
the killing of a large number of people, especially in a cruel way
Definition
[uncountable] poverty
/ˈpɒvəti/
to alleviate poverty
the state of being poor
Definition
tentative
/ˈtentətɪv/
We made a tentative arrangement to meet on Friday.
(of an arrangement, agreement, etc.) not definite or certain because you may want to change it later
Definition
NGO
/ˌen dʒiː ˈəʊ/
development projects are often run with the help of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as charities.
an entity, such as a charity, association, etc., that is independent of government and business
Definition
a position (on sth.)
/pəˈzɪʃn/
to declare/reconsider/shift/change your position on education reforms
an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject
Definition
pressing
/ˈpresɪŋ/
The government seems to think that international problems are more pressing than domestic ones.
needing to be dealt with immediately
Definition
[phrasal verb] to think of sb./sth.
When I said that I wasn’t thinking of anyone in particular.
to have an image or idea of sth./sb. in your mind
Definition
a philantropist
/fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/
He was a wealthy businessman and philanthropist.
a rich person who helps the poor and those in need, especially by giving money
Definition
fulfilment
/fʊlˈfɪlmənt/
- the fulfilment of a promise (br)*
- that facilitates fulfillment of contracts (N. Am.)*
the fact of doing or having what is required or necessary
Definition
rally
/ˈræli/
Winston Churchill speaks at a rally
a large public meeting, especially one held to support a particular idea or political party
Definition
uncritically
/ˌʌnˈkrɪtɪkli/
These official statistics should not be accepted uncritically.
without criticizing sb./sth. or judging whether sb./sth. is right or wrong
Definition
low
/ləʊ/
opp. : high
students with low marks/grades in their exams
below the usual or expected standard
opp. : ?
Definition
to advocate
/ˈædvəkeɪt/
The group does not advocate the use of violence.
(formal) to support sth. publicly
Definition
[countable] climate
/ˈklaɪmət/
We need to create a climate in which business can prosper.
a general attitude or feeling; an atmosphere or a situation which exists in a particular place
Definition
(phrasal verb - not used in the progressive tenses) to boil down to (sth.)
/bɔɪl daʊn tə/
- In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it.*
- All of the government’s environmental efforts appear to boil down to a Senate bill on energy efficiency products.*
(of a situation, problem, etc.) to have sth. as a main or basic part
Definition
hotly
/ˈhɒtli/
a hotly debated topic
done in an angry or excited way or with a lot of strong feeling
Definition
intervention
/ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/
a military intervention in a troubled region
action by a country to become involved in the affairs of another country when they have not been asked to do so
Definition
[often passive] to require (sth.)
/rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/
I just require a signature on the form.
to make sb. do or have sth., especially because it is necessary according to a particular law or set of rules
Definition
[usually before noun] global
/ˈɡləʊbl/
the company’s domestic and global markets
covering or affecting the whole world
Definition
average
/ˈævərɪdʒ/
I was just an average sort of student.
ordinary; not special
Definition
to illustrate
/ˈɪləstreɪt/
To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.
to make the meaning of sth. clearer by using examples, pictures, etc.
Definition
[not usually before noun] desperate
/ˈdespərət/
I’m desperate for a cigarette.
needing or wanting sth. very much
Definition
to bring sth. up
/ˈbrɪŋ ʌp/
syn. : to raise
/reɪz/
Bring it up at the meeting.
to mention a subject or start to talk about it
syn. : ?
Definition
[intransitive] to appeal (to sb. - for sth.)
/əˈpiːl/
Community leaders appealed for calm.
to make a serious and urgent request
Definition
[countable, usually plural] circumstance
/ˈsɜːkəmstəns/
The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances.
the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action
Definition
intrinsic
/ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/
the intrinsic value of education
belonging to or part of the real nature of sth./sb.
Definition
[uncountable] consumption
/kənˈsʌmpʃn/
Consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary societies.
the act of buying and using products
Definition
starkly
/ˈstɑːkli/
The lighthouse stood out starkly against the dark sky.
in a way that is easy to see because it is very different
Definition
[transitive, intrans.] to argue
/ˈɑːɡjuː/
argue for/against sth./doing sth. : They argued for the right to strike.
argue sth. : She argued the case for bringing back the death penalty.
He was too tired to argue the point (= discuss the matter).
to give reasons why you think that sth. is right/wrong, true/not true, etc., especially to persuade people that you are right
Definition
on the line
/ɒn ðə laɪn/
If we don’t make a profit, my job is on the line.
at risk
Definition
to persuade
/pəˈsweɪd/
persuade sb. to do sth. : Try to persuade him to come.
persuade sb. : Please try and persuade her.
to make sb. do sth. by giving them good reasons for doing it
Definition
to define
/dɪˈfaɪn/
The term ‘mental illness’ is difficult to define.
to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is
Definition
Syria
/ˈsɪriə/
a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
Definition
a predictor
/prɪˈdɪktə(r)/
Cholesterol level is not a strong predictor of heart disease in women.
sth. that can show what will happen in the future
Definition
humankind
/ˌhjuːmənˈkaɪnd/
This could provide new clues about the origins of humankind.
all people, thought about as one large group
Definition
[uncountable] gathering
/ˈɡæðərɪŋ/
methods of information gathering
the process of collecting sth.
Definition
a view
/vjuː/
to have different/conflicting/opposing views
a personal opinion about sth.; an attitude towards sth.
Definition
to equate (sth. with sth.)
/iˈkweɪt/
It might seem dubious to equate the causes of World War I with the causes of World War II.
to think that sth. is the same as sth. else or is as important
Definition
World War two
The Second World War
How to pronounce WW II ?
Definition
little
/ˈlɪtl/
He is little known as an artist.
not much; only slightly
Definition
to include
/ɪnˈkluːd/
- We all went, me included.*
- You should include some examples in your essay.*
to include sb./sth. as sth. : Representatives from the country were included as observers at the conference.
to make sb./sth. part of sth.
Definition
warlike
/ˈwɔːlaɪk/
syn. : military
/ˈmɪlətri/
warlike preparations
connected with fighting wars
syn : ?
Definition
to turn back
/tɜːn bæk/
The weather became so bad that they had to turn back.
to return the way you have come
Definition
[uncountable] genocide
/ˈdʒenəsaɪd/
Refugees gave accounts of the mass genocide.
the murder of a whole race or group of people
Definition
a poor choice
/pɔː(r)/
opp. : a wise choice
/waɪz/
Will consumers be sufficiently informed to make a wise choice?
a choice that is not good
opp. : ?
Definition
[usually plural] source
/sɔːs/
He refused to name his sources.
a person, book or document that provides information, especially for study, a piece of written work or news
Definition
routinely
/ruːˈtiːnli/
- Visitors are routinely checked as they enter the building.*
- This information is now routinely available to anyone with access to a computer.*
as part of the way in which things are regularly done
Definition
to promise
/ˈprɒmɪs/
‘Promise not to tell anyone!’
promise sth. : The government has promised a full investigation into the disaster.
to tell sb. that you will definitely do or not do sth., or that sth. will definitely happen
