Chapter 3B COPY Flashcards
sth. that has developped
[uncountable, count.] growth
/ɡrəʊθ/
- The forest’s dense growth provides nesting places for a wide variety of birds.*
- several days’ growth of beard*
that existed in earlier times
syn : ?
former
/ˈfɔːmə(r)/
syn : past
- in former times*
- This beautiful old building has been restored to its former glory.*
to be typical of a person, place or thing
to characterize
/ˈkærəktəraɪz/
the rolling hills that characterize this part of England
as stated or reported by sb./sth.
according to
/əˈkɔːdɪŋ tə/
- According to Mick, it’s a great movie.*
- You’ve been absent six times according to our records.*
surrounded by sb./sth.; in the middle of sb./sth.
among
/əˈmʌŋ/
- a house among the trees*
- It’s OK, you’re among friends now.*
(of a person) spending a lot of time studying and having a lot of knowledge about an academic subject
syn : ?
scholarly
/ˈskɒləli/
syn : academic
/ˌækəˈdemɪk/
He was a very scholarly young man.
(in Britain) the head of an important government department
also : ?
secretary of state
/ˌsekrətri əv ˈsteɪt/
also : secretary
- the Secretary of State for Education*
- the Education Secretary*
- the Foreign Secretary*
(formal) to arrange or decide on a time or place for doing sth.
[usually passive] appoint (sth.)
/əˈpɔɪnt/
- A date for the meeting is still to be appointed.*
- Everyone was assembled at the appointed time.*
(formal) to make sth. that has been officially decided start to happen or be used
syn : ?
to implement
/ˈɪmplɪment/
syn : to carry (sth.) out
/ˈkæri aʊt/
- to implement changes/decisions/policies/reforms*
- A new work programme for young people will be implemented.*
(formal) that exists or happens often at a particular time or in a particular place
(less formal) syn : 2
prevalent
/ˈprevələnt/
(less formal) syn. : common, widespread
/ˈkɒmən/ , /ˈwaɪdspred/
- a prevalent view*
- These prejudices are particularly prevalent among people living in the North.*
a piece of work that sb. has to do, especially a hard or unpleasant one
a task
/tɑːsk/
- to perform/carry out/complete/undertake a task*
- a daunting/an impossible/a formidable/an unenviable, etc. task*
- a thankless task* (= an unpleasant one that nb. wants to do and nb. thanks you for doing)
to believe that sth. is true or correct or that you can rely on it
to trust
/trʌst/
- He trusted her judgement.*
- Don’t trust what the newspapers say!*
a stone or metal model of a person’s head, shoulders and chest
bust
/bʌst/
a marble bust of Napoleon
to find fault with ; to point out the faults of
Br. : ?
noun : ?
[intransitive, transitive] to criticize
Br. : to criticise
/ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
noun : a critique
/krɪˈtiːk/
- The decision was criticized by environmental groups.*
- All you ever do is criticize!*
to state that there is a connection or relationship between two things or people
syn. : ?
to link (A to/with B)
/lɪŋk/
syn. : to associate
/əˈsəʊʃieɪt/
- Detectives have linked the break-in to a similar crime in the area last year.*
- Newspapers have linked his name with the singer.*
(formal) to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words
to articulate sth.
/ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪt/
She struggled to articulate her thoughts.
to carry sth.; to have sb./sth. in your hand, arms, etc.
to hold
/həʊld/
- she was holding a large box*
- we were holding hands* (= holding each other’s hands)
(informal) repeated many times
[only before noun] syn. : ?
continuous
/kənˈtɪnjuəs/
[only before noun] syn. : continual
/kənˈtɪnjuəl/
For four days the town suffered continuous attacks.
a subject or situation that you must consider or deal with
syn. : ?
[countable] matter
/ˈmætə(r)/
syn. : affair
/əˈfeə(r)/
- It’s a private matter.*
- They had important matters to discuss.*
to think carefully about and accept the possibility of sth. happening
[transitive] to contemplate
/ˈkɒntəmpleɪt/
The thought of war is too awful to contemplate.
a desire to protect and help sb./sth.
[uncountable] concern
/kənˈsɜːn/
- parents’ concern for their children*
- I appreciate everyone’s concern and help at this difficult time.*
a supply of sth. that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth
[countable, usually plural] resource
/rɪˈsɔːs/
We must make the most efficient use of the available financial resources.
a country in the Middle East, located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest.
Israel
/ˈɪzreɪl/
to be the first to start building and living in a town or country
to found
/faʊnd/
The town was founded by English settlers in 1790.
to show or be a sign of the nature of sth. or of sb.’s attitude or feeling
to reflect (sth.)
/rɪˈflekt/
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
not detailed; not limited to one particular area
Br. : ?
[usually before noun] generalized
/ˈdʒenrəlaɪzd/
Br. : generalised
Without a generalized health system, living conditions will become even more difficult.
a person or thing that is valuable or useful to sb./sth.
asset
/ˈæset/
In his job, patience is an invaluable asset.
a curved piece of glass or plastic that makes things look larger, smaller or clearer when you look through it
lens
/lenz/
a pair of glasses with tinted lenses
of two things or people that are different but together form a useful or attractive combination of skills, qualities or physical features
complementary
/ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri/
The school’s approach must be complementary to that of the parents.
(of ideas, methods or things) able to exist or be used together without causing problems
compatible
/kəmˈpætəbl/
Are measures to protect the environment compatible with economic growth?
(rather formal) to pay careful attention to sth. or observe with care
to note
/nəʊt/
- Note* (ø) the fine early Baroque altar inside the chapel.
- Please note that the office will be closed on Monday.*
- Note how these animals sometimes walk with their tails up in the air.*
(formal) an area of activity that concerns the public, especially one where there is a lot of opposition between different groups or countries
arena
/əˈriːnə/
the political/international arena
containing or showing a lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc.
syn. : ?
contradictory
/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri/
syn. : conflicting
/kənˈflɪktɪŋ/
We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements.
not causing, or not likely to cause, any disagreement, strife or quarrel
also : ?
uncontroversial
/ˌʌnˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/
also : non-controversial
/ˌnɒn kɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/
He chose an uncontroversial topic for his speech.
not marked by or indicative of significant worth or consequence
unimportant
/ˌʌnɪmˈpɔːtnt/
They dismissed the problem as unimportant.
extremely useful
syn. : ?
invaluable
/ɪnˈvæljuəbl/
syn. : valuable
/ˈvæljuəbl/
The book provides invaluable information on recent trends.
that does not change
syn. : ?
constant
/ˈkɒnstənt/
syn. : fixed
/fɪkst/
- travelling at a constant speed of 50 m.p.h.*
- Ross was his most constant and loyal friend.*
an ordered system or arrangement
scheme
/skiːm/
It is a poem with a rhyme scheme and a defined structure.
to arrange sth. in groups according to features that they have in common
to classify
/ˈklæsɪfaɪ/
- The books in the library are classified according to subject.*
- Patients are classified into three categories.*
- people classified by ethnic group*
- These can be classified under five headings.*
that can help you to do or achieve what you want
useful
/ˈjuːsfl/
- a useful gadget*
- He might be useful to us.*
- It can be useful to write a short summary of your argument first.*
- These pictures will be useful in convicting and putting people in jail.*
to make sth. seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is
[intransitive, trans.] to exaggerate
/ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/
- The hotel was really filthy and I’m not exaggerating.*
- He tends to exaggerate the difficulties.*
(formal) showing control by one country, organization, etc. over other countries, etc. within a particular group
hegemonic
/ˌhedʒɪˈmɒnɪk/
Any hegemonic power tends to become divorced from society.
(approving) not influenced by other people or by your own feelings
syn. : ?
detached
/dɪˈtætʃt/
syn. : impartial
/ɪmˈpɑːʃl/
a detached observer
to give an explanation of sth.
syn. : ?
[phrasal verb] to account for
/əˈkaʊnt fə(r)/
syn. : to explain
/ɪkˈspleɪn/
How do you account for the show’s success?
to think about sb./sth. in a particular way
to regard
/rɪˈɡɑːd/
- He regards himself as a patriot.*
- Her work is very highly regarded.*
action rather than ideas
[uncountable] practice
/ˈpræktɪs/
- the theory and practice of teaching*
- She’s determined to put her new ideas into practice.*
the state of relying on sb./sth. for sth., especially when this is not normal or necessary
[uncountable] dependency
/dɪˈpendənsi/
Their aim is to reduce people’s dependency on the welfare state.
to affect sb./sth.; to involve sb./sth.
to concern
/kənˈsɜːn/
Where our children’s education is concerned, no compromise is acceptable.
(of a situation) not encouraging or giving any reason to have hope
bleak
/bliːk/
The future looks bleak for the fishing industry.
to increase, improve or add to sth.
[intransitive, transitive] to contribute (ø/to sth.)
/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/
- Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways*
- This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.*
used to show that sth. happened or is true although sth. else might have happened to prevent it
syn. : ?
despite
/dɪˈspaɪt/
syn. : in spite of (sth.)
Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
the end or failure of an institution, an idea, a company, etc.
[singular] demise
/dɪˈmaɪz/
the demise of the USSR
a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of sth.
[uncountable; count., usually singular] decline
/dɪˈklaɪn/
The company reported a small decline in its profits.
(of a person) able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions
syn. : ?
opp. : ?
rational
/ˈræʃnəl/
syn. : reasonable
/ˈriːznəbl/
opp. : irrational
/ɪˈræʃənl/
No rational person would ever behave like that.
to a large degree; a lot
widely
/ˈwaɪdli/
Standards vary widely.
(of ideas, thoughts, arguments, etc.) logical and well organized; easy to understand and clear
opp. : ?
coherent
/kəʊˈhɪərənt/
opp. : incoherent
/ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪərənt/
- This incoherent institutional system does need reform.*
- a coherent policy for the transport system*
carefully arranged or organized
syn. : ?
[usually before noun] ordered
/ˈɔːdəd/
syn. : orderly
/ˈɔːdəli/
a well-ordered society
a thing that is liked better or best
[countable] preference
/ˈprefrəns/
a study of consumer preferences
the amount of money that you need in order to buy, make or do sth.
[countable, uncount.] cost
/kɒst/
Consumers will have to bear the full cost of these pay increases
an advantage that sth. gives you; a helpful and useful effect that sth. has
benefit
/ˈbenɪfɪt/
I’ve had the benefit of a good education.
to increase sth. as much as possible
br. : ?
opp. : ?
to maximize sth.
/ˈmæksɪmaɪz/
br. : maximise
opp. : to minimize (br. : to minimise)
/ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/
to maximize efficiency/fitness/profits
correct and true in every detail
accurate
/ˈækjərət/
The police are trying to obtain a more accurate picture of crime levels.
used when giving information that you expect other people to know already or agree with
syn. : ?
obviously
/ˈɒbviəsli/
syn. : clearly
/ˈklɪəli/
Obviously, we don’t want to spend too much money.
if sth. … sth. else, it has that thing inside it or as part of it
(not used in the progressive tenses) to contain
/kənˈteɪn/
This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.
(formal) situations and events that affect and influence your life and that are not in your control
circumstance
/ˈsɜːkəmstəns/
- We were simply thrown together by circumstance on the long journey.*
- He had to leave the country through force of circumstance* (= events made it necessary).
- a victim of circumstance* (= a person who has suffered because of a situation that they cannot control)
(formal) to force sb. to do sth. or behave in a particular way
[usually passive] to constrain sb. to do sth.
/kənˈstreɪn/
The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it.
to think or believe that sth. will happen or that sb. will do sth.
[transitive] to expect (sth.)
/ɪkˈspekt/
- House prices are expected to rise sharply.*
- Don’t expect sympathy from me!*
- That’s not the sort of behaviour I expect of you!*
- You can’t expect to learn a foreign language in a few months*
- Many people were expecting (that/Ø) the peace talks would break down.*
an advocate or adherent of a political philosophy based on belief in progress and the autonomy of the individual, especially in individual rights
[countable] liberal
/ˈlɪbərəl/
Reform is popular with middle-class liberals.
an adherent or advocate of the political belief that society should change as little as possible
[countable] conservative
/kənˈsɜːvətɪv/
I was born a conservative and I trust that I will die a conservative.
to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it
[transitive, intrans.] to invade
/ɪnˈveɪd/
- When did the Romans invade Britain?*
- Troops invaded on August 9th that year.*
to start a discussion, a meeting, an event, etc.
syn. : ?
[phrasal verb] to kick off
/ˈkɪk ɒf/
syn. : to open
/ˈəʊpən/
We are thrilled to kick off our annual ‘Young Blood for Life’ Challenge.
criticizing sb. or sth. very severely in a way that shows no respect
syn. : ?
scathing
/ˈskeɪðɪŋ/
syn. : withering
/ˈwɪðərɪŋ/
What a scathing commentary on a country so wealthy and prosperous as Canada.
a sign that a system, society, etc. is very bad or very wrong
[countable] indictment
/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/
The poverty in our cities is a damning indictment of modern society.
happening or existing between the First and the Second World Wars
[only before noun] interwar
/ˌɪntəˈwɔː(r)/
During the interwar period, the German Wehrmacht devoted more attention to tank development
(philosophy) the belief that our ideas are the only things that are real and that we can know about
[uncountable] idealism
/aɪˈdiːəlɪzəm/
The most extreme form of this assertion is subjective idealism.
to make use of sth., especially sth. bad, as a means of achieving sth., often because there is no other possible solution
syn. : ?
[phrasal verb] to resort to
/rɪˈzɔːt tə/
syn. : to recourse
/rɪˈkɔːs/
They felt obliged to resort to violence.
a way of seeing, accepting and dealing with situations as they really are without being influenced by your emotions or false hopes
[uncountable] realism
/ˈriːəlɪzəm/
There was a new mood of realism among the leaders at the peace talks.
to fail to hear, see or notice sth.
to miss
/mɪs/
I missed her name.
that has very small differences in color, tone, meaning, etc.
nuanced
/ˈnjuːɑːnst/
this issue has been clarified and made more nuanced than in the Commission proposal.
to become worse; to make sth. worse
noun : ?
to deepen
/ˈdiːpən/
noun : deepening
/ˈdiːpənɪŋ/
Warships were sent in as the crisis deepened.
the act or process of combining two or more things so that they work together
[uncountable, countable] integration
/ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/
The aim is to promote closer economic integration.
the fact of doing sth. together or of working together towards a shared aim
[uncountable] cooperation
/kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
- a report produced by the government in cooperation with the chemical industry*
- We would like to see closer cooperation between parents and schools.*
the quality of being reasonable and not being extreme
[uncountable] moderation
/ˌmɒdəˈreɪʃn/
- There was a call for moderation on the part of the trade unions.*
- Alcohol should only ever be taken in moderation* (= in small quantities).
to be as good, impressive, etc. as sb./sth. else
syn. : ?
to rival sth./sb. (for/in sth.)
/ˈraɪvl/
syn. : to compare
/kəmˈpeə(r)/
You will find scenery to rival anything you can see in the Alps.
a person that you are playing or fighting against in a game, competition, argument, etc.
syn. : ?
opponent
/əˈpəʊnənt/
syn. : adversary
/ˈædvəsəri/
- The team’s opponents are unbeaten so far this season.*
- a political opponent*
to be the expression or manifestation that sth. exists or is likely to happen
syn. : ?
to signal
/ˈsɪɡnəl/
syn. : to indicate
/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/
This announcement signalled a clear change of policy.
the act or ceremony of placing a dead body in a grave
[uncountable, count.] burial
/ˈberiəl/
baptism, marriage and burial services
that can be done; that will be successful
syn. : ?
viable
/ˈvaɪəbl/
syn. : feasible
/ˈfiːzəbl/
If there was any delay then the rescue plan would cease to be viable.
(formal) a country ruled by a monarch
syn. : ?
realm
/relm/
syn. : kingdom
/ˈkɪŋdəm/
the defence of the realm
a country that shares :
- land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea ;
- maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
Russia
/ˈrʌʃə/
to make sb. enthusiastic about sth.
Br. : ?
to energize
/ˈenədʒaɪz/
Br. : to energise
The coach’s speech motivated and energized the team.
to make a business, an idea, an influence, etc. cover more areas or operate in more places
[transitive] to extend
/ɪkˈstend/
The company plans to extend its operations into Europe.
to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect
to provoke
/prəˈvəʊk/
The announcement provoked a storm of protest.
(U.S.) to repeat the principal points or stages of sth.
to reprise
/rɪˈpriːz/
The novel reprises various events from both television appearances
to advise or try hard to persuade sb. to do sth.
to urge
/ɜːdʒ/
Police are urging anyone who saw the accident to contact them immediately.
to make sth., especially sb.’s confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective
to undermine
/ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/
a terror attack intended to undermine the morale of citizens
in a way that is correct and true in every detail
accurately
/ˈækjərətli/
The article accurately reflects public opinion.
sth. that makes you think about or remember sb./sth., that you have forgotten or would like to forget
reminder
/rɪˈmaɪndə(r)/
The sheer size of the cathedral is a constant reminder of the power of religion.
(formal) to feel or express great sadness or disappointment about sb./sth.
to lament (sth./that)
/ləˈment/
(**also formal) syn. : to bemoan
/bɪˈməʊn/
(formal or humorous) : to bewail
/bɪˈweɪl/
- In the poem he laments (Ø) the destruction of the countryside.*
- Passengers lament that once-attentive airlines have downgraded service to the point of discomfort.*
the money that is available to a person or an organization and a plan of how it will be spent over a period of time
[countable, uncount.] budget
/ˈbʌdʒɪt/
the education/defence budget (= the amount of money that can be spent on this)
