Chapter 3B COPY Flashcards
sth. that has developped
[uncountable, count.] growth
/ɡrəʊθ/
- The forest’s dense growth provides nesting places for a wide variety of birds.*
- several days’ growth of beard*
that existed in earlier times
syn : ?
former
/ˈfɔːmə(r)/
syn : past
- in former times*
- This beautiful old building has been restored to its former glory.*
to be typical of a person, place or thing
to characterize
/ˈkærəktəraɪz/
the rolling hills that characterize this part of England
as stated or reported by sb./sth.
according to
/əˈkɔːdɪŋ tə/
- According to Mick, it’s a great movie.*
- You’ve been absent six times according to our records.*
surrounded by sb./sth.; in the middle of sb./sth.
among
/əˈmʌŋ/
- a house among the trees*
- It’s OK, you’re among friends now.*
(of a person) spending a lot of time studying and having a lot of knowledge about an academic subject
syn : ?
scholarly
/ˈskɒləli/
syn : academic
/ˌækəˈdemɪk/
He was a very scholarly young man.
(in Britain) the head of an important government department
also : ?
secretary of state
/ˌsekrətri əv ˈsteɪt/
also : secretary
- the Secretary of State for Education*
- the Education Secretary*
- the Foreign Secretary*
(formal) to arrange or decide on a time or place for doing sth.
[usually passive] appoint (sth.)
/əˈpɔɪnt/
- A date for the meeting is still to be appointed.*
- Everyone was assembled at the appointed time.*
(formal) to make sth. that has been officially decided start to happen or be used
syn : ?
to implement
/ˈɪmplɪment/
syn : to carry (sth.) out
/ˈkæri aʊt/
- to implement changes/decisions/policies/reforms*
- A new work programme for young people will be implemented.*
(formal) that exists or happens often at a particular time or in a particular place
(less formal) syn : 2
prevalent
/ˈprevələnt/
(less formal) syn. : common, widespread
/ˈkɒmən/ , /ˈwaɪdspred/
- a prevalent view*
- These prejudices are particularly prevalent among people living in the North.*
a piece of work that sb. has to do, especially a hard or unpleasant one
a task
/tɑːsk/
- to perform/carry out/complete/undertake a task*
- a daunting/an impossible/a formidable/an unenviable, etc. task*
- a thankless task* (= an unpleasant one that nb. wants to do and nb. thanks you for doing)
to believe that sth. is true or correct or that you can rely on it
to trust
/trʌst/
- He trusted her judgement.*
- Don’t trust what the newspapers say!*
a stone or metal model of a person’s head, shoulders and chest
bust
/bʌst/
a marble bust of Napoleon
to find fault with ; to point out the faults of
Br. : ?
noun : ?
[intransitive, transitive] to criticize
Br. : to criticise
/ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
noun : a critique
/krɪˈtiːk/
- The decision was criticized by environmental groups.*
- All you ever do is criticize!*
to state that there is a connection or relationship between two things or people
syn. : ?
to link (A to/with B)
/lɪŋk/
syn. : to associate
/əˈsəʊʃieɪt/
- Detectives have linked the break-in to a similar crime in the area last year.*
- Newspapers have linked his name with the singer.*
(formal) to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words
to articulate sth.
/ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪt/
She struggled to articulate her thoughts.
to carry sth.; to have sb./sth. in your hand, arms, etc.
to hold
/həʊld/
- she was holding a large box*
- we were holding hands* (= holding each other’s hands)
(informal) repeated many times
[only before noun] syn. : ?
continuous
/kənˈtɪnjuəs/
[only before noun] syn. : continual
/kənˈtɪnjuəl/
For four days the town suffered continuous attacks.
a subject or situation that you must consider or deal with
syn. : ?
[countable] matter
/ˈmætə(r)/
syn. : affair
/əˈfeə(r)/
- It’s a private matter.*
- They had important matters to discuss.*
to think carefully about and accept the possibility of sth. happening
[transitive] to contemplate
/ˈkɒntəmpleɪt/
The thought of war is too awful to contemplate.
a desire to protect and help sb./sth.
[uncountable] concern
/kənˈsɜːn/
- parents’ concern for their children*
- I appreciate everyone’s concern and help at this difficult time.*
a supply of sth. that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth
[countable, usually plural] resource
/rɪˈsɔːs/
We must make the most efficient use of the available financial resources.
a country in the Middle East, located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest.
Israel
/ˈɪzreɪl/
to be the first to start building and living in a town or country
to found
/faʊnd/
The town was founded by English settlers in 1790.
to show or be a sign of the nature of sth. or of sb.’s attitude or feeling
to reflect (sth.)
/rɪˈflekt/
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
not detailed; not limited to one particular area
Br. : ?
[usually before noun] generalized
/ˈdʒenrəlaɪzd/
Br. : generalised
Without a generalized health system, living conditions will become even more difficult.
a person or thing that is valuable or useful to sb./sth.
asset
/ˈæset/
In his job, patience is an invaluable asset.
a curved piece of glass or plastic that makes things look larger, smaller or clearer when you look through it
lens
/lenz/
a pair of glasses with tinted lenses
of two things or people that are different but together form a useful or attractive combination of skills, qualities or physical features
complementary
/ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri/
The school’s approach must be complementary to that of the parents.
(of ideas, methods or things) able to exist or be used together without causing problems
compatible
/kəmˈpætəbl/
Are measures to protect the environment compatible with economic growth?
(rather formal) to pay careful attention to sth. or observe with care
to note
/nəʊt/
- Note* (ø) the fine early Baroque altar inside the chapel.
- Please note that the office will be closed on Monday.*
- Note how these animals sometimes walk with their tails up in the air.*
(formal) an area of activity that concerns the public, especially one where there is a lot of opposition between different groups or countries
arena
/əˈriːnə/
the political/international arena
containing or showing a lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc.
syn. : ?
contradictory
/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri/
syn. : conflicting
/kənˈflɪktɪŋ/
We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements.
not causing, or not likely to cause, any disagreement, strife or quarrel
also : ?
uncontroversial
/ˌʌnˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/
also : non-controversial
/ˌnɒn kɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/
He chose an uncontroversial topic for his speech.
not marked by or indicative of significant worth or consequence
unimportant
/ˌʌnɪmˈpɔːtnt/
They dismissed the problem as unimportant.
extremely useful
syn. : ?
invaluable
/ɪnˈvæljuəbl/
syn. : valuable
/ˈvæljuəbl/
The book provides invaluable information on recent trends.
that does not change
syn. : ?
constant
/ˈkɒnstənt/
syn. : fixed
/fɪkst/
- travelling at a constant speed of 50 m.p.h.*
- Ross was his most constant and loyal friend.*
an ordered system or arrangement
scheme
/skiːm/
It is a poem with a rhyme scheme and a defined structure.
to arrange sth. in groups according to features that they have in common
to classify
/ˈklæsɪfaɪ/
- The books in the library are classified according to subject.*
- Patients are classified into three categories.*
- people classified by ethnic group*
- These can be classified under five headings.*
that can help you to do or achieve what you want
useful
/ˈjuːsfl/
- a useful gadget*
- He might be useful to us.*
- It can be useful to write a short summary of your argument first.*
- These pictures will be useful in convicting and putting people in jail.*
