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Chapter 1C - Reverse edition Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

credible

/ˈkredəbl/

a credible explanation/witness

A

that can be believed or trusted

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2
Q

Definition

surface

/ˈsɜːfɪs/

Rage bubbled just below the surface of his mind.

A

the outer appearance of a person, thing or situation; the qualities that you see or notice, that are not hidden

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3
Q

Definition

to shop

/ʃɒp/

He likes to shop at the local market.

A

to buy things in stores

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4
Q

Definition

alienation

/ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/

The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters.

A

the act of making sb. less friendly or sympathetic towards you

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5
Q

Definition

bluntly

/ˈblʌntli/

To put it bluntly, I want a divorce.

A

in a very direct way, without trying to be polite or kind

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6
Q

Definition

[countable] prescription

/prɪˈskrɪpʃn/

Both parties will be outlining their prescription for economic recovery.

A

a plan or a suggestion for making sth. happen or for improving it

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7
Q

Definition

little

/ˈlɪtl/

She seemed a little afraid of going inside.

A

to a small degree

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8
Q

Definition

normative

/ˈnɔːmətɪv/

Human rights are thematic, systematic and, above all, normative.

A

describing or setting standards or rules of behaviour

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9
Q

Definition

whom

/huːm/

  • To whom should I write?*
  • The author whom you criticized in your review has written a reply.*
A

used instead of ‘who’ as the object of a verb or preposition

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10
Q

Definition

follow-up

/ˈfɒləʊ ʌp/

In a follow-up question about quality, both customers and retailers were asked if they had noticed a change

A

continuing sth. that has already started; coming after sth. similar that was done earlier

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11
Q

Definition

best

/best/

Painting is best done in daylight.

A

in the most suitable or appropriate way

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12
Q

Definition

persuasively

/pəˈsweɪsɪvli/

They argue persuasively in favour of a total ban on handguns.

A

in a way that can convince sb. to do sth. or make them believe sth.

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13
Q

Definition

to frustrate

/frʌˈstreɪt/

What frustrates him is that there’s too little money to spend on the project.

A

to make sb. feel annoyed or impatient because they cannot do or achieve what they want

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14
Q

Definition

[countable] field

/fiːld/

syn. : area

/ˈeəriə/

I enjoy meeting people in other fields of business.

A

a particular subject or activity that sb. works in or is interested in

syn. : ?

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15
Q

Definition

a discourse

/ˈdɪskɔːs/

a discourse on issues of gender and sexuality

A

(formal) a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing

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16
Q

Definition

to investigate

/ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/

  • Scientists are investigating the effects of diet on fighting cancer.*
  • The research investigates how foreign speakers gain fluency.*
A

to find out information and facts about a subject or problem by study or research

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17
Q

Definition

[uncountable] research

/rɪˈsɜːtʃ/

Research on animals has led to some important medical advances.

A

a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it

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18
Q

Definition

comparable

/ˈkɒmpərəbl/

A comparable house in the south of the city would cost twice as much.

A

similar to sb./sth. else and able to be compared

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19
Q

Definition

[uncountable, count.] expenditure

/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/

a reduction in public/government/military expenditure

A

the act of spending or using money ; an amount of money spent

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20
Q

Definition

infinitesimal

/ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪml/

syn. : tiny

/ˈtaɪni/

an infinitesimal risk

A

extremely small

syn. : ?

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21
Q

Definition

self-evident

/ˌself ˈevɪdənt/

The dangers of such action are self-evident.

A

obvious and needing no further proof or explanation

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22
Q

Definition

a series (of sth.)

/ˈsɪəriːz/

the latest in a series of articles on the nature of modern society

A

several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other

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23
Q

Definition

[uncountable] support

/səˈpɔːt/

The statistics offer further support for our theory.

A

evidence that helps to show that sth. is true or correct

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24
Q

Definition

analysis

/əˈnæləsɪs/

The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.

A

the detailed study or examination of sth. in order to understand more about it; the result of the study

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25
Q

Definition

to stand up

/’stænd ʌp/

It was brave of her to stand up to those bullies.

A

to resist sb.; to not accept bad treatment from sb. without complaining

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26
Q

Definition

to seize

/siːz/

  • They seized the airport in a surprise attack.*
  • The army has seized control of the country.*
  • He seized power in a military coup.*
A

to take control of a place or situation, often suddenly and violently

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27
Q

Definition

clear-cut

/ˌklɪə ˈkʌt/

There is no clear-cut answer to this question.

A

definite and easy to see or identify

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28
Q

Definition

rightful

/ˈraɪtfl/

syn. : [only before noun] proper

/ˈprɒpə(r)/

The stolen car was returned to its rightful owner.

A

that is correct, right or legal

syn. : ?

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29
Q

Definition

to measure

/ˈmeʒə(r)/

syn. : to assess

/əˈses/

It is difficult to measure the success of the campaign at this stage.

A

to judge the importance, value or effect of sth.

syn. : ?

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30
Q

Definition

[uncountable] conventional wisdom

/kənˈvenʃənl ˈwɪzdəm/

  • The conventional wisdom that soccer is a minor sport in America.*
  • Conventional wisdom has it that riots only ever happen in cities.*
A

the view or belief that most people hold

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31
Q

Definition

a belief

/bɪˈliːf/

She acted in the belief that she was doing good.

A

an opinion about sth.; sth. that you think is true

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32
Q

Definition

[phrasal verb] to point to

Pointing to the results of a recent survey, he claimed voters were most interested in education and unemployment.

A

to mention sth. that you think is important and/or the reason why a particular situation exists

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33
Q

Definition

to

/tə/ (in br. english, before vowels : /tu/)

  • It was a threat to world peace.*
  • This idea will appear problematical to many.*
A

directed towards; concerning

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34
Q

Definition

[countable, uncount.] prediction

/prɪˈdɪkʃn/

Not many people agree with the government’s prediction that the economy will improve.

A

a statement that says what you think will happen; the act of making such a statement

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35
Q

Definition

explanation

/ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/

The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed.

A

a statement, fact, or situation that tells you why sth. happened; a reason given for sth.

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36
Q

Definition

[countable] gathering

/ˈɡæðərɪŋ/

a family gathering

A

a meeting of people for a particular purpose

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37
Q

Definition

a variable

/ˈveəriəbl/

The temperature remained constant while pressure was a variable in the experiment.

A

a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied

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38
Q

Definition

consistently

/kənˈsɪstəntli/

Studies have not consistently demonstrated any benefit.

A

in a way that has different parts that all agree with each other

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39
Q

Definition

inquiry

/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/

a public enquiry (br.) into the environmental effects of the proposed new road

A

an official process to find out the cause of sth. or to find out information about sth.

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40
Q

Definition

factor

/ˈfæktə(r)/

the key/crucial/deciding factor

A

one of several things that cause or influence sth.

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41
Q

Definition

to illuminate

/ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/

syn. : to clarify

/ˈklærəfaɪ/

This text illuminates the philosopher’s early thinking.

A

(formal) to make sth. clearer or easier to understand

syn. : ?

42
Q

Definition

repeatedly

/rɪˈpiːtɪdli/

The victim had been stabbed repeatedly in the chest.

A

many times

43
Q

Definition

[phrasal verb] to run into

/rʌn ˈɪntu/

to run into danger/trouble/difficulties

A

to experience sth. bad

44
Q

Definition

to predominate (over sb./sth.)

/prɪˈdɒmɪneɪt/

Private interest was not allowed to predominate over the public good.

A

to have the most influence or importance

45
Q

Definition

a scrutiny

/ˈskruːtəni/

syn. : inspection

/ɪnˈspekʃn/

Her argument doesn’t really stand up to scrutiny.

A

a careful and thorough examination

syn. : ?

46
Q

Definition

to aspire

/əˈspaɪə(r)/

She aspired to a scientific career.

A

to have a strong desire to achieve or to become sth.

47
Q

Definition

to intervene

/ˌɪntəˈviːn/

The President intervened personally in the crisis.

A

to become involved in a situation in order to improve or help it

48
Q

Definition

ultimately

/ˈʌltɪmətli/

Ultimately, you’ll have to make the decision yourself.

A

in the end; finally

49
Q

Definition

[usually passive] to televise

/ˈtelɪvaɪz/

a televised debate

A

to broadcast sth. on television

50
Q

Definition

[only before noun] past

/pɑːst/

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not form the past simple tense and the past participle by adding -ed to the base form.

A

(grammar) connected with the form of a verb used to express actions in the past

51
Q

Definition

to build up

/bɪld ‘ʌp/

The sea defences have been built up to ensure that such a disaster will not strike again.

A

to make sth. higher or stronger than it was before

52
Q

Definition

incontrovertible

/ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/

syn. : indisputable

/ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbl/

There is one incontrovertible argument in favour of the changes.

A

(formal) that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied

syn. : ?

53
Q

Definition

explanatory

/ɪkˈsplænətri/

There are explanatory notes at the back of the book.

A

giving the reasons for sth.; intended to describe how sth. works or to make sth. easier to understand

54
Q

Definition

to define

/dɪˈfaɪn/

We need to define the task ahead very clearly.

A

to describe or show sth. accurately

55
Q

Definition

tightly

/ˈtaɪtli/

Her eyes were tightly closed.

A

closely and firmly

56
Q

Definition

hostile

/ˈhɒstaɪl/

syn. : [not usually before noun] opposed

/əˈpəʊzd/

The proposals have provoked a hostile response from opposition parties.

A

strongly rejecting sth.

syn. : ?

57
Q

Definition

problematical

/ˌprɒbləˈmætɪkl/

The situation is more problematic (br.) than we first thought.

A

difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful

58
Q

Definition

to forward

/ˈfɔːwəd/

We will be forwarding our new catalogue to you next week.

A

to send or pass goods or information to sb.

59
Q

Definition

[transitive, intr.] to overlap (with/Ø sth.)

/ˌəʊvəˈlæp/

Our jobs overlap slightly, which sometimes causes difficulties.

A

to cover part of the same area of interest, knowledge, responsibility, etc.

60
Q

Definition

trial

/ˈtraɪəl/

The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.

A

the process of testing the ability, quality or performance of sb./sth., especially before you make a final decision about them

61
Q

Definition

starkly

/ˈstɑːkli/

  • These theories contrast starkly with the reality of everyday life.*
  • We are starkly aware of the risks.*
A

in a way that is unpleasant, real and impossible to avoid ; completely

62
Q

Definition

stability

/stəˈbɪləti/

the stability of the dollar on the world’s money markets

A

the quality or state of being steady and not changing or being disturbed in any way

63
Q

Definition

profound

/prəˈfaʊnd/

profound changes in the earth’s climate

A

very great; felt or experienced very strongly

64
Q

Definition

liberalization

/ˌlɪbrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

the liberalization of drug laws

A

the act or process of making sth. such as a law or a political or religious system less strict

65
Q

Definition

to agonize (over/about sth.)

/ˈæɡənaɪz/

I spent days agonizing over whether to take the job or not.

A

to spend a long time thinking and worrying about a difficult situation or problem

66
Q

Definition

partly

/ˈpɑːtli/

Some people are unwilling to attend the classes partly because of the cost involved.

A

to some extent; not completely

67
Q

Definition

a decade-long war

A

a war that lasted 10 years

68
Q

Definition

to peel

/piːl/

Carefully peel away the lining paper.

A

to remove a layer, covering, etc. from the surface of sth.; to come off the surface of sth.

69
Q

Definition

[intransitive] to range

/reɪndʒ/

Estimates of the damage range between $1 million and $5 million.

A

to vary between two particular amounts, sizes, etc., including others between them

70
Q

Definition

[uncountable] consumption

/kənˈsʌmpʃn/

the production of fuel for domestic consumption

A

the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used

71
Q

Definition

to tear apart (sth.)

/teər əˈpɑːrt/

Racial strife is tearing our country apart.

A

to make people in a country, an organization or other place fight or argue with each other

72
Q

Definition

identifiable

/aɪˌdentɪˈfaɪəbl/

identifiable characteristics

A

that can be recognized

73
Q

Definition

unnecessary

/ʌnˈnesəsəri/

They were found guilty of causing unnecessary suffering to animals.

A

not needed; more than is needed

74
Q

Definition

dense

/dens/

a dense piece of writing

A

difficult to understand because it contains a lot of information

75
Q

Definition

to evaluate (sth./how/whether)

/ɪˈvæljueɪt/

  • Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.*
  • We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.*
A

to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of sth. after thinking about it carefully

76
Q

Definition

banker

/ˈbæŋkə(r)/

He’s an investment banker in New York.

A

a person who owns a bank or has an important job at a bank

77
Q

Definition

to negate

/nɪˈɡeɪt/

syn. : to nullify

/ˈnʌlɪfaɪ/

Alcohol negates the effects of the drug.

A

to stop sth. from having any effect

syn. : ?

78
Q

Definition

at times

He can be really bad-tempered at times.

A

sometimes

79
Q

Definition

imbalance

/ɪmˈbæləns/

a global imbalance of/in power

A

a situation in which two or more things are not the same size or are not treated the same, in a way that is unfair or causes problems

80
Q

Definition

practical

/ˈpræktɪkl/

Opp. : theoretical

/ˌθɪəˈretɪkl/

  • to have gained practical experience of the work*
  • practical men*
A

connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories

Opp. : ?

81
Q

Definition

a shortcoming

/ˈʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ/

syn. : defect

/ˈdiːfekt/

There were obvious shortcomings in the report.

A

a fault in sb.’s character, a plan, a system, etc.

syn. : ?

82
Q

Definition

definitely

/ˈdefɪnətli/

Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.

A

in a way that is certain or that shows that you are certain

83
Q

Definition

warlike

/ˈwɔːlaɪk/

syn. : belligerent

/bəˈlɪdʒərənt/

a warlike nation

A

aggressive and wanting to fight

syn. : ?

84
Q

Definition

quite

/kwaɪt/

syn. : fairly

/ˈfeəli/

(rather informal) syn. : pretty

/ˈprɪti/

He plays quite well.

A

(not used with a negative) to some degree

syn. : ?

(rather informal) syn. : ?

85
Q

Definition

defunct

/dɪˈfʌŋkt/

a largely defunct railway network

A

(formal) no longer existing, operating or being used

86
Q

Definition

compelling

/kəmˈpelɪŋ/

a compelling need/desire

A

so strong that you must do sth. about it

87
Q

Definition

cell phone

/ˈsel fəʊn/

The use of cellular phones is not permitted on most aircraft.

A

a telephone that does not have wires and works by radio, that you can carry with you and use anywhere

88
Q

Definition

analogy

/əˈnælədʒi/

There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.

A

a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar

89
Q

Definition

a survey

/ˈsɜːveɪ/

a comprehensive survey of modern music

A

a general study, view or description of sth.

90
Q

Definition

primarily

/praɪˈmerəli/

syn. : chiefly

/ˈtʃiːfli/

The person primarily responsible is the project manager.

A

mainly

syn. :

91
Q

Definition

to mislead

/ˌmɪsˈliːd/

syn. : to deceive

/dɪˈsiːv/

He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship.

A

to give sb. the wrong idea or impression and make them believe sth. that is not true

syn. : ?

92
Q

Definition

to root

/ruːt/

Much violence in the world today is rooted in civil conflicts

A

to grow roots; to cause or encourage a plant to grow roots

93
Q

Definition

usage

/ˈjuːsɪdʒ/

It’s not a word in common usage.

A

the way in which words are used in a language

94
Q

Definition

to experience

/ɪkˈspɪəriəns/

The country experienced a foreign currency shortage for several months.

A

to have a particular situation affect you or happen to you

95
Q

Definition

alternatively

/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪvli/

The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.

A

used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility

96
Q

Definition

to prescribe

/prɪˈskraɪb/

Police regulations prescribe that an officer’s number must be clearly visible.

A

(of a person or an organization with authority) to say what should be done or how sth. should be done

97
Q

Definition

privacy

/ˈprɪvəsi/

He read the letter later in the privacy of his own room.

A

the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people

98
Q

Definition

to quote

/kwəʊt/

He quoted a passage from the minister’s speech.

A

to repeat the exact words that another person has said or written

99
Q

Definition

[often passive] to better

/ˈbetə(r)/

  • The work he produced early in his career has never really been bettered.*
  • We want to better our own understanding of international politics*
A

to be more skilled or do sth. of a higher quality than sb./sth. else

100
Q

Definition

interpretive

/ɪnˈtɜːprɪtɪv/

In applying this interpretive approach to the facts of the complaint, the Tribunal concluded that…

A

connected with the particular way in which sth. is understood, explained or performed

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