Chapter 1A - Reverse edition Flashcards
Definition
to enact
/ɪˈnækt/
- legislation enacted by parliament*
- European states have enacted tough economic sanctions on Iran.*
to pass a law
Definition
to oust
/aʊst/
oust sb. (as sth.) : He was ousted as chairman.
oust sb. (from sth.) : The rebels finally managed to oust the government from power.
to force sb. out of a job or position of power, especially in order to take their place
Definition
to convey
/kənˈveɪ/
- Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.*
(formal) Please convey my apologies to your wife.
to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb.
Definition
merely
/ˈmɪəli/
It is not merely a job, but a way of life.
used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or sth. that you are saying
Definition
[no passive] to underlie sth.
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪ/
It is a principle that underlies all the party’s policies.
(formal) to be the basis or cause of sth.
Definition
to bear/take the brunt of sth.
/brʌnt/
Syrian citizens are bearing the brunt of the violence.
to receive the main force of sth. unpleasant
Definition
elusive
/iˈluːsɪv/
- Eric, as elusive as ever, was nowhere to be found.*
- the elusive concept of ‘literature’*
difficult to find, define or achieve
Definition
far-reaching
/ˌfɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/
The decision by the European Court will have far-reaching consequences.
likely to have a lot of influence or many effects
Definition
to scorn (s.o./sth.)
/skɔːn/
- His brother had always scorned him.*
- She scorned their views as old-fashioned.*
to feel or show that you think sb./sth. is stupid and you do not respect them or it
Definition
[usually passive] to outvote
/ˌaʊtˈvəʊt/
His proposal was outvoted by 10 votes to 8.
to defeat sb./sth. by winning a larger number of votes
Definition
the Government
/ˈɡʌvənmənt/
abbreviation : govt
She has resigned from the Government.
the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state
abbreviation : ?
Definition
surveillance
/sərˈveɪləns/
The police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance.
the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed
Definition
to acknowledge
/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
- Are you prepared to acknowledge your responsibility?*
- a generally acknowledged fact*
to accept that sth. is true
Definition
to compel
/kəmˈpel/
The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children.
to force sb. to do sth.; to make sth. necessary
Definition
coercion
/kəʊˈɜːʃn/
He claimed he had only acted under coercion.
(formal) the action of making sb. do sth. that they do not want to do, using force or threatening to use force
Definition
power
/ˈpaʊə(r)/
the ability of an actor to achieve its goals
Definition
crisis
/ˈkraɪsɪs/
plur. : crises
/ˈkraɪsiːz/
- The fever has passed its crisis.*
- Their marriage has reached crisis point.*
a time when a problem, a bad situation or an illness is at its worst point
plural : ?
Definition
a commonality
/kɒməˈnalɪti/
pl. : commonalities
A commonality between all of the studies reviewed, is the propensity for street gangs to be involved with drugs.
the fact of sharing features or qualities
plural : ?
Definition
[uncountable, count.] climate
/ˈklaɪmət/
a mild/temperate/warm/wet climate
the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place
Definition
to shift (from… to/towards/toward…)
/ʃɪft/
- Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years.*
- The balance of power shifted away from workers towards employers.*
- Her sympathies gradually shifted to the side of the protesters.*
(of a situation, an opinion, a policy etc.) to change from one state, position, etc. to another
Definition
grievance
/ˈɡriːvəns/
Parents were invited to air (=express) their grievances at the meeting.
sth. that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about
Definition
a criterion
/kraɪˈtɪəriən/
pl. : criteria
/kraɪˈtɪəriə/
The main criterion is value for money.
a standard or principle by which sth. is judged; or with the help of which a decision is made
pl. : ?
Definition
[intransitive] to argue
/ˈɑːɡjuː/
We’re always arguing with each other about money.
to speak angrily to sb. because you disagree with them
Definition
to label
/ˈleɪbl/
He was labelled (as) a traitor by his former colleagues.
to describe sb./sth. in a particular way, especially unfairly
Definition
[transitive] to skew sth.
/skjuː/
to skew the statistics
to distort from a true value
Definition
compelling
/kəmˈpelɪŋ/
Her latest book makes compelling reading.
that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting
Definition
scholar
/ˈskɒlə(r)/
He was the most distinguished scholar in his field.
a person who knows a lot about a particular subject because they have studied it in detail
Definition
to contend
/kənˈtend/
syn. : to maintain
/meɪnˈteɪn/
I would contend that the minister’s thinking is flawed on this point.
to argue or state earnestly
syn. : ?
Definition
to envision
/ɪnˈvɪʒn/
They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.
to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards
Definition
a disruption
/dɪsˈrʌpʃn/
The strike caused serious disruptions.
the act of stopping sth. from continuing in the normal way
Definition
tentative
/ˈtentətɪv/
syn. : hesitant
/ˈhezɪtənt/
Her English is correct but tentative.
not behaving or done with confidence
syn. : ?
Definition
to follow through (with sth.)
/ˈfɒləʊ θruː/
We must be prepared to follow through with that threat if everything else fails.
to finish sth. that you have started
Definition
extent
/ɪkˈstent/
It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.
how large, important, serious, etc. sth. is
Definition
to topple (s.o./sth.)
/ˈtɒpl/
syn. : to overthrow
a plot to topple the President
to make sb. lose their position of power or authority
syn. : ?
Definition
[usually plural] finding
/ˈfaɪndɪŋ/
- The findings of the commission will be published today.*
- These findings suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.*
information that is discovered as the result of research into sth.
Definition
to bear out
/’beə(r) aʊt/
The theory that free trade would increase prosperity was borne out in the postwar economic boom.
to show that sb. is right or that sth. is true
Definition
to alleviate
/əˈliːvieɪt/
syn. : to ease
/iːz/
- to alleviate suffering*
- A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.*
to make sth. less severe
syn. : ?
Definition
a view
/vjuː/
He has an optimistic view of life.
a way of understanding or thinking about sth.
Definition
to comprise
/kəmˈpraɪz/
syn. : consist of
/kənˈsɪst əv/
- The collection comprises 327 paintings.*
- The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors.*
to have sb./sth. as parts or members
syn. : ?
Definition
agreement
/əˈɡriːmənt/
- an international peace agreement*
- The agreement (= the document recording the agreement) was signed during a meeting at the UN.*
an arrangement, a promise or a contract made with sb.
Definition
causal
/ˈkɔzl/
the causal relationship between poverty and disease
connected with the relationship between two things, where one causes the other to happen
Definition
to pursue
/pəˈsjuː/
- Certain goals are worth pursuing*
- She wishes to pursue a medical career.*
to find or employ measures to obtain or accomplish sth.
Definition
lending
/ˈlendɪŋ/
Lending by banks rose to $10 billion last year.
the act of giving money to sb. on condition that they pay it back over a period of time and pay interest on it.
Definition
dubious
/ˈdjuːbiəs/
She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England (= it was not an honour at all).
that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good
Definition
unrest
/ʌnˈrest/
- industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest*
- There is growing unrest in the south of the country.*
a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight
Definition
to monitor
/ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/
We were warned by a friend in the government that our phone calls were being monitored.
to listen to telephone calls, foreign radio broadcasts, etc. in order to find out information that might be useful
Definition
to speak out
/’spiːk aʊt/
He was the only one to speak out against the decision.
to state your opinions publicly, especially in opposition to sth. and in a way that takes courage
Definition
[countable, uncount.] compulsion
/kəmˈpʌlʃn/
- There are no compulsions on students to attend classes.*
- The legal system is based on compulsion.*
(formal) strong pressure that makes sb. do sth. that they do not want to do
Definition
to promote
/prəˈməʊt/
policies to promote economic growth
to help sth. to happen or develop
Definition
significance
/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/
a decision of major political significance
the importance of sth., especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future
Definition
to scrutinize
/ˈskruːtənaɪz/
The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.
to look at or examine sb./sth. carefully
Definition
prominent
/ˈprɒmɪnənt/
syn. : noticeable
/ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/
The church tower was a prominent feature in the landscape.
easily seen
syn. : ?
Definition
[uncountable] ethnic cleansing
/ˌeθnɪk ˈklenzɪŋ/
He described the tragic plight of the victims of ethnic cleansing.
the policy of forcing the people of a particular race or religion to leave an area or a country
Definition
starkly
/ˈstɑːkli/
The interior is starkly simple.
(often disapproving) in a way that looks severe because it has no colour or decoration
Definition
[countable, uncount.] policy (on sth.)
/ˈpɒləsi/
plur. : policies
- The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting.*
- US foreign/domestic policy*
a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.
plural : ?
Definition
an outcome
/ˈaʊtkʌm/
We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.
the result or effect of an action or event
Definition
a combatant
/ˈkɒmbətənt/
He was involved in the war, but not as a combatant.
a person or group involved in fighting in a war or battle
Definition
to grapple
/ˈɡræpl/
A government trying to grapple with inflation.
to try hard to find a solution to a problem
Definition
to crop up
/krɒp ʌp/
syn. : to come up
/kʌm ʌp/
- His name just cropped up in conversation.*
- I’ll be late—something’s cropped up at home.*
to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected
syn. : ?
Definition
to spur
/spɜː(r)/
- Her difficult childhood spurred her on to succeed.*
- My trainer spurred me to keep up a pace of four miles an hour.*
to encourage sb. to do sth. or to encourage them to try harder to achieve sth.
Definition
to assess
/əˈses/
It’s difficult to assess the effects of these changes.
to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb./sth.
Definition
[transitive, intr.] to overlap
/ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
A fish’s scales overlap each other
if one thing … another, or the two things …, part of one thing covers part of the other
Definition
to bewilder
/bɪˈwɪldə(r)/
She was totally bewildered by his sudden change of mood.
to perplex or confuse sb., especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations
Definition
[intransitive] to appeal
/əˈpiːl/
They needed to appeal to his sense of justice.
to try to persuade sb. to do sth. by suggesting that it is a fair, reasonable or honest thing to do
Definition
[uncountable, plural] data
/ˈdeɪtə/
- This data was collected from 69 countries.*
- raw data (= that has not been analysed)*
facts or information, especially when examined and used to find out things or to make decisions
Definition
to coordinate sth.
/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/
They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.
to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
Definition
insurgency
/ɪnˈsɜːdʒənsi/
syn. : rebellion
/rɪˈbeljən/
The government faces continuing insurgency in the north-east.
an attempt to take control of a country by force
syn. : ?
Definition
to prompt
/prɒmpt/
prompt s.o. to do sth. : The thought of her daughter’s wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.
prompt sth. : The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.
to make sb. decide to do sth. ; to cause sth. to happen
Definition
[usually singular] quandary
/ˈkwɒndəri/
plur. : quandaries
syn. : dilemma
/dɪˈlemə/
George was in a quandary—should he go or shouldn’t he?
the state of not being able to decide what to do in a difficult situation
plur. : ?
syn. : ?
Definition
theory
/ˈθɪəri/
According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.
a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why sth. happens or exists
Definition
to stand aside
/stænd əˈsaɪd/
She stood aside to let us pass.
to move to one side
Definition
to condone (sth./s.o. doing sth.)
/kənˈdəʊn/
Terrorism can never be condoned.
to accept behaviour that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious
Definition
computational
/ˌkɒmpjuˈteɪʃənl/
They have been assisted in their task by an expert in computational and mathematical issues
using or connected with computers
Definition
vexing
/ˈveksɪŋ/
a vexing problem
(old-fashioned or formal) difficult or delicate
Definition
to tear apart sth.
/teə(r) əˈpɑːt/
They tore the room apart, looking for money.
to search a place, making it look untidy and causing damage
syn. : ?
Definition
[countable] a certainty
/ˈsɜːtnti/
- political/moral certainties*
- Her return to the team now seems a certainty.*
a thing that is true, that is considered to be true
Definition
outbreak
/ˈaʊtbreɪk/
the events that led to the outbreak of World War I
the sudden start of sth. unpleasant, especially violence or a disease
Definition
a set
/set/
- a set of six chairs*
- a new set of rules to learn*
a group of similar things that belong together in some way
Definition
either
/ˈaɪðə(r)/ ou /ˈiːðə(r)/
You can park on either side of the street.
one or the other of two
Definition
[intransitive] to behave + adv./prep.
/bɪˈheɪv/
- The doctor behaved very unprofessionally.*
- He behaved like a true gentleman.*
to do things in a particular way
Definition
rather
/ˈrɑːðə(r)/
The walls were not white, but rather a sort of dirty grey.
used to introduce an idea that is different or opposite to the idea that you have stated previously
Definition
to warrant
/ˈwɒrənt/
syn. : to justify
/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/
They do not consider the case serious enough to warrant a government enquiry.
(formal) to make sth. necessary or appropriate in a particular situation
syn. : ?
Definition
fulfilment
/fʊlˈfɪlmənt/
the fulfilment of a dream (br)
the act of doing or achieving what was hoped for or expected
Definition
plausible
/ˈplɔːzəbl/
opp. : implausible
/ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/
The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.
(of an excuse or explanation) reasonable and likely to be true
opp. : ?
Definition
[countable, uncount.] insight into sth.
/ˈɪnsaɪt/
The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.
an understanding of what sth. is like
Definition
[countable] supply
/səˈplaɪ/
Supplies of food are almost exhausted.
an amount of sth. that is provided or available to be used
Definition
bystander
/ˈbaɪstændə(r)/
Three innocent bystanders were killed in the crossfire.
a person who sees sth. that is happening but is not involved
Definition
overall
/ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/
this overall increase masks different developments within that period.
including all the things or people that are involved in a particular situation ; general
Definition
a pattern
/ˈpætn/
- changing patterns of behaviour*
- The murders all seem to follow a pattern (= happen in the same way).*
the regular way in which sth. happens or is done
Definition
to lend
/lend/
Has he returned that book you lent him?
to give sth. to sb. or allow them to use sth. that belongs to you, which they have to return to you later
Definition
[uncountable] evidence
/ˈevɪdəns/
We found further scientific evidence for this theory.
the facts, signs or objects that make you believe that sth. is true
Definition
to assert
/əˈsɜːt/
She continued to assert her innocence/that she was innocent.
to state clearly and firmly that sth. is true
Definition
methodology
/ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/
recent changes in the methodology of language teaching
a set of principles, strategies or practical steps used to perform a particular activity
Definition
[countable, uncount.] aggregation
/ˌæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/
the aggregation of data
(formal) the act of putting together different items, amounts, etc. into a single group or total
Definition
[usually plural] essential
/ɪˈsenʃl/
the essentials of English grammar
an important basic fact or piece of knowledge about a subjet
Definition
[usually before noun] ongoing
/ˈɒnɡəʊɪŋ/
- an ongoing process*
- The police investigation is ongoing.*
continuing to exist or develop
Definition
[usually singular] a puzzle
/ˈpʌzl/
syn. : mystery
/ˈmɪstri/
They are trying to solve the puzzle of how gravity works.
a mysterious situation in which it is not easy to understand all the causes of what is happening; a complicated problem
syn. : ?
Definition
to work out
/wɜːkˈaʊt/
Things have worked out quite well for us.
to develop in a successful way
Definition
The Great War
The First World War
World War One
How to pronounce WW I ?
Definition
purpose
/ˈpərpəs/
The purpose of the State intervention is to speed up the restructuring of the industry.
the goals that actors pursue, including the notion of « national interest »
