review questions exam 1 Flashcards
what organs are found in the abdominal cavity?
Spleen, pancreas and kidneys
what organs are found in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder and part of the large intestine
what organ system stores minerals?
the skeletal system
in negative feedback what produces the response necessary to change the value of the variable?
the effectors
what is the job of the control center?
1) receive and process information
2) establish the setpoint
3) control effectors
where does a longitudinal section cut through?
the long axis
what is the posterior area between the hip bones called?
sacral
what is an example of an anterior position to the sternum?
the heart
what is a mesentary?
when two layer of peritoneum fuse together
what is the difference between sternal and pectoral?
pectoral is the whole chest and sternum is the middle of the thorax overlying the sternum
what cardinal sign of inflammation does vasodialation cause?
redness and heat
what cardinal sign of inflammation does permeability of blood vessels cause?
edema and pain
what is the function of the serous membrane?
to reduce and protect internal organs from friction
what does areolar tissue provide for the body?
an arena for immune defense
what does adipose tissue provide for the body??
contains lipids for energy storage
how do you tell if epithelia contains keratin or not?
keratanized epithelium will not have nuclei present in the apical cells
where can you find simple tubular exocrine glands
in the stomach and colon
where can you find simple branched tubular exocrine glands?
in the lower portion of the stomach
where can you find simple coiled tubular exocrine glands?
lower portion of the stomach and small intestine
where can you find simple acinar exocrine glands?
in the sebaceous glands of the skin
where can you find simple branched acinar exocrine glands?
in the sebaceous glands of the skin
where can you find compound tubular exocrine glands?
mucous glands of the duodenum
where can you find compound acinar exocrine glands?
in the mammary glands
where can you find compound tubuloacinarar glands?
in the pancreas
what is merocrine secretion used by?
the exocrine portion of the pancreas and the water-producing sweat glands
what is apocrine secretion used by?
milk-producing mammary glands
what is holocrine secretion used by?
the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin
what does the mucous membrane consist of?
epithelial cells, a basement membrane and a lamina propria
what does the serous membrane consist of?
mesothelium, a basement membrane and loose connective tissue
what does the synovial membrane consist of?
only connective tissue
what type of glands are stable glands
endocrine
what type of glands are permanent glands?
neurons
what are 3 components for extracellular matrix?
protein fibers, fluid and ground substance
what is a characteristic of cartilage?
it has a perichondrium
what does type 1 collagen include?
tendons, ligaments, skin and bone
what is the most abundant collagen type in the body?
Type 1
What does type 2 collagen include?
cartilage
what does type 3 collagen include?
reticular fibers
what is the most abundant adipose tissue in the body?
yellow
where is brown adipose found?
in the axillae (arm pits), the neck and near the kidneys
what type of tissue is capable of continous regeneration?
epithelial
what is the serous membrane layer composed of simple squamous epithelium?
mesothelium
what is an example of labile cells?
adult stem cells
what is an example of stable cells?
endocrine glands
what is an example of permanent cells?
neurons
what is true of the stratum basale that isn’t of other layers? (3) (BHM)
1) bound to the basement membrane by hemidesmesomes
2) highest rate of mitotic division
3) melanin is produced only in this layer
which layer of the epidermis is a transparent layer of dead cells only present in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
order of hair growth (4) MHHH
1) matrix cells differentiate, become keratinized and die
2) the hair grows longer as cells are added at the base of the hair root
3) hair growth stops
4) the hair follicle shortens and holds the hair in place
where are touch receptors not located?
within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
if someone has really low vitamin D levels what would you expect to find?
1) a lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood
2) a higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine
why does skin appeared flushed after excercising? (2) (AB)
1) arterioles of dermis become dilated increasing blood flow to the skin and enhancing the flush
2) blood flow to the dermis increases to remove excess heat from the core
if the epidermis is damaged what structure can be a source for a new epithelium?
hair follicles
what occurs deeper in the hair follice?
the number of cells decrease until, at the hair bulb, only the stratum basale is present.
what does the decrease in number of cells deep in the hair follicle mean for repair?
if the epidermis and superficial part of the dermis are damaged, the keratinocyte stem cells located in the stratum basale of the undamaged part of the hair follice can be a source of a new epithelium
name 3 ways to cut an organ
1) Longitudinal section (cut through the length of an organ)
2) transverse (cross) section (a cut at a right angle to the length of an organ)
3) oblique section (a cut made at the length of an organ other than a right angle)
is vitiligo an effect of UV radiation?
no
where does nail production occur?
in the root
in an extensive wound what divides?
fibroblasts
when fibroblast divide in an extensive wound what occurs?
they produce mobile cells that invade the deeper areas of the injury
what type of cells do tactile cells include?
merkel and cells associated with nervous system function
what layer of skin is made into leather products after removal of more superficial and deeper tissues?
the dermal layer
which layer of the dermis aids in regulation of body temperature?
the papillary layer
which layer of the dermis forms cleavage lines?
reticular layer
what are delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development called?
lanugo hairs
what area does hair growth occur?
in the hair bulb
are holocrine glands sebaceous or sweat gland?
sebaceous
which of the layers of the epidermis are new cells formed by mitosis?
stratum basale
which of the strata have dead cells?
stratum corneum and stratum lucidum
which strata have live cells?
stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale
where are the lungs found
in the thoracic cavity
why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for regulation of body temperature?
it makes something happen fast, but it does not maintain constant conditions
damage to which feedback mechanism will render it unable to maintain homeostasis?
damage to any one of the three components will render it unable to maintain homeostasis
what is the best description of microvilli?
it’s non motile (non moving) containing microfillaments
what does brown adipose tissue produce?
heat through oxadative metabolism
what is the mesothelium?
a membrane that lines a body cavity or covers the external surface of the viscera
what is an endothelium?
the inner lining of the cardiovascular system
what is the difference between desmesomes and hemidesmesomes?
desmosomes link 2 cells together and hemidesmosomes link 1 cell to the extracellular matrix
what do messentaries provide for the organs?
a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach organs
what are retroperitoneal organs?
organs closely attached to the body wall that don’t have messenteries
what organs are considered retroperitoneal?
kidneys, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines and the urinary bladder
