Final Exam Flashcards
what do osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from?
the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels from the endostemu
what are perforating canals?
passageways with blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon.
where do perforating canals run?
perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
what occurs each year in adult bones?
a portion of protein and mineral content is replaced
what occurs last in endochondral ossification?
secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
in a growing bone, where would the greatest osteoclast activity be found?
in the medullary cavity
what are the ethmoid and sphenoid bones formed by?
endochondral ossification
what is NOT different about the female pelvis vs. the male pelvis?
the female pelvis is heavier
what does a pivot joint do?
restrict movement to rotation
what is an example of extension?
using your finger to point an area on the map
what does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent?
anterior displacement of tibia
in TMJ, what does the madible articulate with?
temporal bone
what movement would be used to reach for a bowl on the top shelf slightly out of reach?
plantar flexion
what movement does NOT occur at knee?
abduction
which type of muscle, does every fiber receive a brand of an axon from a nerve?
skeletal
what is complete tetanus?
condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are NO intervening relaxations between contractions
what is myoglobin’s special function in muscles?
act as a reservoir for oxygen
how do whole muscles respond in a graded fashion to stimuli?
of motor units received
what is incomplete tetanus?
muscle fiber partially relaxes between contractions
what do Type I muscle fibers have?
abundant myoglobin
what does aneorobic respiration do?
rapidly produce large amounts of ATP for short periods
how can contraction in smooth muscles occur without an action potential in the sarcolemma?
by a hormone binding to calcium channels in sarcolemma
what is occurring with a skeletal muscle twitch?
ACh stimulates pre-synaptic terminal
what does optimal actin and myosin overlap produce?
maximal contraction
what does intense exercise in great deal of anaerobic activity do?
increase muscular strength and mass
what is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
cardiac muscle has longer action potentials
how do ions move?
through a membrane in channels
what is muscle tone?
presence of contracting muscle fibers in resting muscle
what is visceral smooth muscle?
it occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions
what is a third class lever?
adapted for speed and distance
where does protein synthesis in neurons occur?
in cell bodies
what type of neuron conducts commands to the salivary glands?
efferent neurons
what is the absolute refractory period?
insensitive to further stimulation
what is multiple action potentials arriving at a single synapse on a postsynaptic neuron cause?
temporal summation
if you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in PNS what are you cutting?
nerves
how many sets of neurons does the ANS have in a series?
2
what can an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) result from?
influx of chloride or outflow of potassium ions
sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. these interneurons synapse with motor neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. what is this an example of?
divergent pathway
what is the order of synaptic transmission? (5) (ANNMS)
1) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
2) neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell
4) membrane permeabilitiy to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases
5) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential
what is a neuromodulator?
a substance released from neurons that influence the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters
does neuralgia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles?
no
what is the gastrocnemius muscle most likely to be innervated by?
the femoral nerve
what does the spinal cord do?
links the PNS to the brain
what does the epineurium do?
bundles fasciles into nerves
if you pinch the tip of your index finger in a door, what nerve are pain sensations carried by?
the median nerve
how does the cerebellum communicate with the brain stem and spinal cord?
by means of the cerebellar peduncles
what does most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem goto?
the thalamus
is the olfcatory cortex part of the limbic system?
yes
is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus part of the limbic system?
no
what are smooth flowing movements a result of find motor coordination in?
lateral cerebellar hemispheres
what two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
the pons and medulla oblongata
does the cerebrum interpret smell and taste?
yes
does the cerebrum control the limbic system?
no
