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A&P 223 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what do osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from?

A

the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels from the endostemu

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2
Q

what are perforating canals?

A

passageways with blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon.

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3
Q

where do perforating canals run?

A

perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

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4
Q

what occurs each year in adult bones?

A

a portion of protein and mineral content is replaced

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5
Q

what occurs last in endochondral ossification?

A

secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

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6
Q

in a growing bone, where would the greatest osteoclast activity be found?

A

in the medullary cavity

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7
Q

what are the ethmoid and sphenoid bones formed by?

A

endochondral ossification

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8
Q

what is NOT different about the female pelvis vs. the male pelvis?

A

the female pelvis is heavier

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9
Q

what does a pivot joint do?

A

restrict movement to rotation

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10
Q

what is an example of extension?

A

using your finger to point an area on the map

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11
Q

what does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

anterior displacement of tibia

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12
Q

in TMJ, what does the madible articulate with?

A

temporal bone

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13
Q

what movement would be used to reach for a bowl on the top shelf slightly out of reach?

A

plantar flexion

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14
Q

what movement does NOT occur at knee?

A

abduction

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15
Q

which type of muscle, does every fiber receive a brand of an axon from a nerve?

A

skeletal

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16
Q

what is complete tetanus?

A

condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are NO intervening relaxations between contractions

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17
Q

what is myoglobin’s special function in muscles?

A

act as a reservoir for oxygen

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18
Q

how do whole muscles respond in a graded fashion to stimuli?

A

of motor units received

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19
Q

what is incomplete tetanus?

A

muscle fiber partially relaxes between contractions

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20
Q

what do Type I muscle fibers have?

A

abundant myoglobin

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21
Q

what does aneorobic respiration do?

A

rapidly produce large amounts of ATP for short periods

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22
Q

how can contraction in smooth muscles occur without an action potential in the sarcolemma?

A

by a hormone binding to calcium channels in sarcolemma

23
Q

what is occurring with a skeletal muscle twitch?

A

ACh stimulates pre-synaptic terminal

24
Q

what does optimal actin and myosin overlap produce?

A

maximal contraction

25
Q

what does intense exercise in great deal of anaerobic activity do?

A

increase muscular strength and mass

26
Q

what is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

cardiac muscle has longer action potentials

27
Q

how do ions move?

A

through a membrane in channels

28
Q

what is muscle tone?

A

presence of contracting muscle fibers in resting muscle

29
Q

what is visceral smooth muscle?

A

it occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions

30
Q

what is a third class lever?

A

adapted for speed and distance

31
Q

where does protein synthesis in neurons occur?

A

in cell bodies

32
Q

what type of neuron conducts commands to the salivary glands?

A

efferent neurons

33
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

insensitive to further stimulation

34
Q

what is multiple action potentials arriving at a single synapse on a postsynaptic neuron cause?

A

temporal summation

35
Q

if you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in PNS what are you cutting?

A

nerves

36
Q

how many sets of neurons does the ANS have in a series?

A

2

37
Q

what can an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) result from?

A

influx of chloride or outflow of potassium ions

38
Q

sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. these interneurons synapse with motor neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. what is this an example of?

A

divergent pathway

39
Q

what is the order of synaptic transmission? (5) (ANNMS)

A

1) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
2) neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell
4) membrane permeabilitiy to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases
5) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential

40
Q

what is a neuromodulator?

A

a substance released from neurons that influence the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters

41
Q

does neuralgia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles?

A

no

42
Q

what is the gastrocnemius muscle most likely to be innervated by?

A

the femoral nerve

43
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

links the PNS to the brain

44
Q

what does the epineurium do?

A

bundles fasciles into nerves

45
Q

if you pinch the tip of your index finger in a door, what nerve are pain sensations carried by?

A

the median nerve

46
Q

how does the cerebellum communicate with the brain stem and spinal cord?

A

by means of the cerebellar peduncles

47
Q

what does most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem goto?

A

the thalamus

48
Q

is the olfcatory cortex part of the limbic system?

A

yes

49
Q

is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus part of the limbic system?

A

no

50
Q

what are smooth flowing movements a result of find motor coordination in?

A

lateral cerebellar hemispheres

51
Q

what two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?

A

the pons and medulla oblongata

52
Q

does the cerebrum interpret smell and taste?

A

yes

53
Q

does the cerebrum control the limbic system?

A

no

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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