Exam #4 Chapter 13 part 1 Flashcards
what does the brain develop from?
a fluid-filled neural tube
what does the fluid-filled center form in the adult brain?
the ventricles and canals
what passes through the brain stem?
many ascending and descending `tracts pass through
when is the neural tube formed?
in the late embryo
how does the neural tube form?
5 regions form which will become the 6 brain divisions
what does the neural tube give rise to?
the CNS
what dose the cephalic portion of the neural tube become?
the spinal cord
what develops in the anterior part of the neural tube
a series of pouches
what do the series of pouches that develop in the neural tube form?
3 regions of the brain
what are the 3 regions of the brain that the series of pouches form?
forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
when does the forebrain form?
during early embryo
what does the forebrain divide into?
the telencephalon and diencephalon
when does the telencephalon and diencephalon develop from the forebrain?
during late embryo
what forms from the telencephalon?
the cerebrum
when does the midbrain develop?
during early embryo
when does the hindbrain develop?
during early embryo
what is the hindbrain divided into?
the metencephalon and myelencephalon
when does the metencephalon and myelencephalon develop from the hindbrain?
during late embryo
what adult part of the brain develops from the metencephalon?
the pons and cerebellum
what adult part of the brain does the myelencephalon form?
the medulla oblongata
what cavity is located in the cerebrum?
the lateral ventricles
what cavity is located in the diencephalon?
the 3rd ventricle
what cavity is located in the midbrain?
the cerebral aqueduct
what cavity is located in the pons and cerebellum?
4th ventricle
what cavity is located in the medulla oblongata?
central canal
what are the parts of the brain stem?
1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) midbrain
where is medulla oblongata located?
at the base of the brainstem
what does the spinal cord contain?
white matter around grey matter
even though the spinal cord has white matter around grey matter what does the medulla have?
discrete nuclei and white matter tracts
what does the medullary nuclei regulate? (8) (HBRSVHCS)
1) heart rate
2) blood vessel diameter
3) respiration
4) swallowing
5) vomiting
6) hiccuping
7) coughing
8) sneezing
what are the pyramids?
large voluntary motor tracts
where are the pyramids?
from the cerebrum and mostly cross over (decussate) in the medulla
what are the more lateral olives nuclei involved in? (3) (BCM)
1) balance
2) coordination
3) modulation of sound from the inner ear
which nuclei are located in the medulla?
nuclei for 6 cranial nerves
why does the pons bulge?
because of the connection to the cerebellum
what dose the pons contain?
nuclei for 4 cranial nerves
what dos the nuclei in the pons regulate?
1) REM sleep
2) respiration
3) relay information to/from the cerebellum
where is the midbrain?
its the most superior part ofthe brainstem
what does the midbrain contain?
the nuclei for 3 cranial nerves
what are the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain?
descending somatic motor tracts
what does the tectum in the midbrain contain?
the corpora quadrigemina
what dose the corpora quadrigemina contain?
the superior and inferior colliculi
what does the superior colliculi control?
head and eye movements to visual, auditory and tactile stimuli
what does the inferior colliculi do?
receive auditory inputs and relays them to superior colliculi for reflexes to auditory stimuli
what does the tegumentum contain in the midbrain?
ascending sensory tracts and nuclei
what does the red nuclei in the tegumentum provide?
subconscious control of motor activities (especially for upper limb)
what does the substantia nigra in the midbrain regulate?
the activity of the basal nuclei
what are the basal nuceli in the substania nigra involved in?
muscle tone and coordinating movements
what is reticular formation?
an interconnected series of nuclei in the brainstem
during reticular formation what is received?
diverse sensory input
what functions does reticular formation do for the brainstem?
alters and controls
what do the descending impulses during reticular formation regulate?
muscle tone and certain vital functions
what do the ascending impulses during reticular formation control?
out consciousness
where is the cerebellum?
connected to the brain stem at the pons
what do the superior,middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to?
higher brain regions, the pons and lower brain regions (respectively)
what does the cerebellum consist of?
grey cortex over white matter with deep nuclei
what does the cortex ofthe cerebellum have and what does it do?
folia, increases its surface area
what is folia?
ridges
what dos the cortex of the cerebellum contain?
several kinds of neurons in layers
what do some of the neurons in layers in the cerebellum have?
up to 200,000 synapses
how many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?
2
what are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum separated by?
a worm-like vermis
what is each hemisphere divided into?
3 lobes
what does the cerebellum’s major function involve?
skeletal muscle movements
what do simple function of the cerebellum consist of? (3) (CEP)
1) controlling balance
2) eye movement
3) posture
what does the cerebellum receive?
abundant sensory information
what does the cerebellum do for our movements?
make them smooth and coordinated
what does the cerebellum work with?
our frontal cerebral lobes
what does the cerebellum working with our frontal cerebral lobes for?
for planning and learning complex movements
where is the diencephalon located?
between the brain stem and the cerebrum
what is the thalamus in the diencephalon?
an egg-shaped cluster os nuclei around the third ventricle
what goes to the thalamus and where is it then relayed to?
all sensory information (except for olfaction) and is to be relayed to the cerebral cortex
in the thalamus, what does the medial geniculate nucleus relay to the cerebrum?
auditory information
in the thalamus what does the lateral geniculate nucleus relay to the cerebrum?
visual information
what is most other sensory information (besides auditory and visual) relayed to the cerebrum by>
the ventral posterior nucleus
what does the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei in the diencephaon communicate with? (3) (BCP)
1) basal nuclei
2) cerebellum
3) primary motor nuclei of the cerebrum about movements
what are the anterior and medial nuclei of the diencephalon part of?
the limbic system
what do the lateral dorsal nucleus regulate in the diencephalon?
emotions
what does the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei intergrate?
sensory information
what are the nuclei in the subthalamus in the diencephalon involved?
motor functions
where is the pineal gland?
in the epithalamus of the diencephalon
what is the pineal gland in the epithalamus involved in??
biorhythms
what is the hypothalamus of the diencephalon?
a mass of nuclei and tracts
in the hypothalamus what are the mammillary bodies involved in?
reflexes and emotional responses to odors
what does the nuceli in the hypothalamus exert control of?
the endocrine system and ANS
what does the hypothalamus receive?
input from certain sensory receptors
what sensory receptors do the hypothalamus receive from?
the limbic system and the cerebrum
what else is the nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in? (7) (SBTHERB)
1) swallowing
2) body temperature control
3) thirst
4) hunger
5) emotion
6) the reticular activation system
7) biorhythms
what does the cerebrum consist of?
gray matter cortex over white matter with deeper nuclei
what is the cererebral cortex divided into?
lobes named for overlying bones
what lobes does the central sulcus separate in the cerebrum?
the frontal and parietal lobes
besides the frontal and parietal lobes what else does the central sulcus in the cerebrum separate?
the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus and the primary somatic sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus
what are the parietal and temporal lobes separated by?
the lateral fissure
what separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
an indistinct sulcus
where does the insula lobe lay?
deep in the lateral fissure
what does the cerebral white matter contain?
axons in 3 types of tracts
what are the three types of tracts that cerebral white matter contains?
1) association fibers
2) commissural fibers
3) projection fibers
what do association fibers connect??
areas of the cortex within one hemisphere
what do commissural fibers connect?
the hemispheres
what do projection fibers connect?
the cortex to lower CNS centers
where do basal nuclei lie?
in the white matter near the lateral ventricles and thalami
what does the basal nuclei consist of?
the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
what is the lentiform nucleus made up of?
the putamen and globus pallidus
what do basal nuclei control?
skeletal muscle tone and contraction
what is the limbic system?
a functional brain system with scattered parts
what is the limbic system involved in
1) emotion
2) reproduction
3) nutrition
4) memory
what do the components of the limbic system surround?
the diencephalon
where is the cingulate gyrus in the limbic system?
it’s superior to the corpus callosum
what does the dentate and parahippocampal gyri in the medial part of the temporal lobe contain?
the hippocampus
what is the hippocampus
a nucleus
what is the amygdala?
a nucleus
where is the amygdala?
in the medial temporal lobe near the end of the tail of the caudate nucleus
besides the nuclei, what are other parts of the limbic system?
the mammillary bodies and other areas of the hypothalamus and the olfactory cortex
what does the fornix in the limbic system connect?
the hippocampus and the hypothalamus
