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A&P 223 > Exam 5 Chapter 15 part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Chapter 15 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

in the root of the nasal cavity

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2
Q

what is olfaction?

A

the sense of smell

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3
Q

what does olfaction occur in response to?

A

odors that stimulate sensory receptors

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4
Q

what are basal cells in olfaction?

A

stem cells that replace dead olfactory neurons

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5
Q

what does olfactory epithelium contain?

A

10 million olfactory neurons

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6
Q

what projects from a bulb-like olfactory vesicle into the mucus layer?

A

several cilia (olfactory hairs)

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7
Q

what does the cilia do for olfaction?

A

increases the receptor membrane surface area

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8
Q

what are odorants?

A

air-borne chemicals that dissolve in the mucus and bind to odor receptors in the membrane

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9
Q

are all odorants detected with equal sensitivity?

A

no

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10
Q

what do odorant receptors use as a second messenger?

A

G proteins and cAMP

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11
Q

what does odorant binding cause?

A

sodium and calcium channels to open

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12
Q

what happens when sodium and calcium channels open dafter odorant binding?

A

it creates a depolarization and an action potential in the olfactory neuron

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13
Q

what does the olfactory system distinguish?

A

about 4000 different smells

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14
Q

what are the 4000 different smells that the olfactory system distinguishes based on?

A

which odorant receptors are stimulated

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15
Q

what are lost olfactory cells replaced by?

A

proliferation of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

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16
Q

what do olfactory receptors show?

A

adaption and central adaption occurs

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17
Q

what do olfactory neuron axons (cranial nerve I) pass through?

A

the cribiform plate

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18
Q

where do olfactory neuron axons (cranial nerve I) synapse?

A

in the olfactory bulb

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19
Q

after the olfactory neuron axons (cranial nerve I) pass through the cribiform plate and synapse in the olfactory bulb what occurs?

A

they pass through the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex as well as the hypothalamus, limbic system and frontal lobe

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20
Q

where do a majority of neurons in the olfactory tracts project to?

A

central olfactory cortex areas in the temporal and frontal lobes of the cerebrum

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21
Q

what areas do the central olfactory cortex include? (3)( PAO)

A

1) the piriform cortex (in the junction between the temporal and frontal lobes)
2) the amygdala (temporal lobe)
3) oribitofrontal cortex

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22
Q

where do olfactory tract neurons project to which are involved with emotional and autonomic responses to olfactory stimuli?

A

secondary olfactory areas

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23
Q

what areas are included in secondary olfactory areas?

A

1) hypothalamus
2) hippocampus
3) limbic system

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24
Q

where do gustatory (taste) receptors occur?

A

in taste buds on the superior tongue surface

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25
Q

what does the superior surface of the tongue have?

A

projections called papillae

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26
Q

what does the filiform papillae do?

A

make the tongue surface rough

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27
Q

what does the fungiform, foliate and vallte papillae have?

A

recessed taste buds

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28
Q

what is the most numerous papillae on the surface of the tongue?

A

filiform

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29
Q

what is unique about filiform?

A

it has no taste buds

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30
Q

what does filiform papillae provide?

A

a rough surface on the tongue allowing it to manipulate food more easily

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31
Q

which are the largest papillae but least numerous?

A

vallate papillae

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32
Q

what does taste (gustatory) cells synapse with?

A

sensory neurons

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33
Q

what extends through a taste (gustatory) pore on the epithelial surface?

A

taste hairs (microvilli)

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34
Q

what replaces dead taste cells?

A

basal stem cells

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35
Q

what is a life span of a taste cell?

A

about 10 days

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36
Q

what is our sense of taste formed in conjunction with?

A

our sense of smell

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37
Q

what do human primary tastes include? (5) (SSSBU)

A

1) sweet
2) salty
3) sour
4) bitter
5) umami (broth)

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38
Q

what binds receptor proteins in the taste hair membrane?

A

dissolved chemicals (tastants)

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39
Q

what do tastants generate?

A

depolarizations

40
Q

what do some tastants act on?

A

some on ion channels others on G proteins and second messengers

41
Q

are all chemicals detected with equal sensitivity?

A

no

42
Q

what is an example of not all chemicals being detected with equal sensitivity?

A

bitter is detected with more sensitivity than sweet

43
Q

what does taste receptor depolarization generate?

A

an action potential in the sensory neuron

44
Q

where do taste bud sensory neurons travel?

A

along 3 cranial nerves

45
Q

where do taste bud sensory neurons synapse?

A

in the tractus soltarius in the medulla

46
Q

what 3 cranial nurse do taste bud sensory neurons travel along?

A

facial (VII), glossopharyngreal (IX) and vagus (X)

47
Q

where do secondary neurons cross over and synapse?

A

in the thalamus

48
Q

what does secondary neurons cross over and synapse in the thalamus with?

A

tertiary neurons that reach the taste area in the insula lobe

49
Q

does receptor and central adaption for taste occur?

A

yes

50
Q

what is refraction used for?

A

to bend light and form an inverted image on the retina

51
Q

how is a clear, sharp image formed?

A

by changing the thickness of the lens (focusing or accomodation)

52
Q

what is an important characteristic of light rays?

A

that they can bend

53
Q

what is happening when the lens is thin for far away object?

A

ciliary muscle is relaxed

54
Q

what is happening when the lens is thick for close objects?

A

sphincter-like ciliary muscle contracts

55
Q

what does pupil restriction do?

A

reduce the light entering and increases the depth of field

56
Q

when object come close what must the eyes do?

A

converge to keep the image on the center of retina (convergence)

57
Q

what does the neural part of the retina have?

A

several layers

58
Q

what does the outer layer of the retina contain?

A

photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

59
Q

what is the middle layer of the retina composed of?

A

bipolar neurons

60
Q

what does the inner layer of the retina contain?

A

ganglion cells whose axons extend out the optic nerve

61
Q

what are in between the layers of the retina?

A

synapses in the plexiform layers

62
Q

what does the pigmented lauyer or pigmented epithelium of the retina consist of?

A

a single layer of cells filled with the pigment melanin

63
Q

is pigmentation strictly necessary for vision?

A

no, people with albinism can see but their visual acuity is reduced because of light scattering

64
Q

what are the rods and cones (photoreceptors)

A

modified neurons

65
Q

what does the inner segment of the eyes photoreceptors synapse with?

A

a bipolar cell

66
Q

what does the outer segment of the eye’s photoreceptors contain?

A

membranes for photoreception

67
Q

what are rods specialized for?

A

vision in dim light

68
Q

what does rods produce?

A

grays

69
Q

what does the membrane of rods contain?

A

rhodopsin

70
Q

what is rhodopsin?

A

a protein called opsin + the pigment retinal

71
Q

what is retinal made from?

A

vitamin A

72
Q

what is rhodopsin associated with?

A

a G protein (transducin) and a cGMP phosphodiestrerase

73
Q

what does the cGMP phosphodiestrerase do?

A

converts cGMP into GMP

74
Q

what happens during darkness?

A

chemically gated sodium channels in the outer segment are open in the presence of cGMP

75
Q

what does the open chemically gated sodium channels in the outer segment during darkness cause

A

a potential of -30mV

76
Q

as a result of the potential of -30mV what do the photoreceptors release?

A

the inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamate continually at the synapse

77
Q

what a photon of light strikes the retinal what happens?

A

it changes from 11-cis retinal to 11-trans retinal

78
Q

what dose the changing from 11-cis retinal to 11-trans retinal do?

A

activates transducin and the cGMP phosphodiesterase that breaks down cGMP

79
Q

what happens after the transducin and phosphodiesterase that breaks down cGMP is activated? (4) (SMCP)

A

1) the sodium channels are closed
2) the membrane hyperpolarizes
3) the cell releases glutamate
4) the bipolar cell releases a neurotransmitter

80
Q

what happens once the bipolar cell releases a neurtransmitter?

A

the 11-trans retinal is then removed from opsin and enzymatically converted to 11-cis retinal to regenerate photopigment

81
Q

what are cones for?

A

specialized color vision and high visual acuity in bright light

82
Q

what different cones have?

A

different opsins

83
Q

what do the different opsins of cones form?

A

photopigments (RGB) (Red, green, blue)

84
Q

what do the different photopigments absorb?

A

different wavelengths of light for color vision

85
Q

what does the sensitivity of the visual system vary from?

A

a dark-adapted state (rods) to a light-adapted state (cones)

86
Q

where are cones located?

A

they are concentrated near the macula

87
Q

where are rods located?

A

more numerous away from the macula

88
Q

does the retina do any visual processing?

A

yes, some

89
Q

what do bipolar cells that monitor rods monitor many rods show?

A

considerable convergence and produce coarse images in dim light

90
Q

what do bipolar cells that monitor cones often monitor a single cone show?

A

little convergence and produce detailed, sharp images in bright light.

91
Q

where is the optic nerve located?

A

it leaves the eyes and travels to the optic chiasm

92
Q

how does the field of view work?

A

the lateral half of the field of vision crosses over at the optic chiasm

93
Q

why does the lateral half of the field of vision cross over at the optic chiasm?

A

so that each visual cortex gets the opposite side of the field of view from both eyes

94
Q

what does binocular vision allow?

A

depth perception

95
Q

where does the optic tract go?

A

to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then onto the visual cortex

96
Q

where do collaterals go?

A

to other locations such asthe superior colliculus

97
Q

where is the visual cortex located?

A

in the occipital lobe

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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