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A&P 223 > Exam #1 Ch. 4 part 2 (Bone, muscle, nervous tissue and tissue repair) > Flashcards

Exam #1 Ch. 4 part 2 (Bone, muscle, nervous tissue and tissue repair) Flashcards

1
Q

what does bone matrix contain?

A

hard calcium salts and collagen fibers

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2
Q

two types of bone

A

1) spongy bone

2) compact bone

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3
Q

what does spongy bone have?

A

spaces between the plates/beams (trabeculae) of bone and resembles a sponge.

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4
Q

what type of cells are found in bone?

A

osteocytes

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5
Q

where are the osteocytes located in spongy bone?

A

within lucunae in the trabeculae

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6
Q

what is the function of spongy bone?

A

provides strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone

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7
Q

where is spongy bone located? (5) (IVSPE)

A

1) the interior of the bones of the skull
2) verterbrae
3) sternum
4) pelvis
5) in the ends of long bones

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8
Q

how does compact bone appear?

A

solid with layer or lamellae

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9
Q

where are the osteocytes located in compact bone?/

A

also within the lucunae and distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals

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10
Q

what do small passageways ?

A

adjacent lacunae

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11
Q

what is the functions of compact bone?

A

provides great strength and support and forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured

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12
Q

where is compact bone located?

A

1) outer portions of portions

2) the shafts of bones

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13
Q

what type of matrix does fluid connective tissue have?

A

a watery matrix and unformed fibers

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14
Q

what type of connective tissue is blood?

A

fluid

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15
Q

what type of matrix does blood have?

A

a watery matrix

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16
Q

what type of cells does blood have?

A

1) erythrocytes (RBC)
2) leukocytes (WBC)
3) platelet (not a cell, a formed fragment)

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17
Q

what is the function of blood? (3) (TPI)

A

1) transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and other substances
2) protects the body from infections
3) involved in temperature regulation

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18
Q

where is the blood located?

A

1) within blood vessels

2) WBC’s often leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces

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19
Q

where does blood cells and platelet cells form?

A

in Hemopoietic tissue and then it is called bone marrow

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20
Q

what tissue is found in bone marrow?

A

hemopoietic tissue

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21
Q

what forms in red bone marrow?

A

bone cells and platelets

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22
Q

what type of tissue is yellow bone marrow?

A

Adipose (NOT hemopoetic)

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23
Q

what exactly is red bone marrow?

A

hemopoetic tissue surrounded by a network of reticular fibers

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24
Q

what is the function of red bone marrow?

A

production of new blood cells

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25
Q

what is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

stores lipids

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26
Q

where is red bone marrow located? (2) (EI)

A

1) ends of long bones

2) in short, flat and irregurarly shaped bones

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27
Q

where is yellow bone marrow located/

A

in the shaft of long bones

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28
Q

what type of cells do muscle tissue contain?

A

muscle fibers

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29
Q

what do the muscle fibers do in muscle tissue/

A

contract with force

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30
Q

how do muscles create movement?

A

they are shortened or contracted with a force

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31
Q

what does skeletal muscle provide and how?

A

movement by pulling on bones

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32
Q

what type of nucleus do skeletal fibers have?

A

multinucleated

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33
Q

what type of fibers do skeletal muscles have?

A

long

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34
Q

is skeletal muscle striated?

A

yes

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35
Q

is contraction in skeletal muscles volunatary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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36
Q

where is cardiac muscle located and what does it do?

A

only in the heart and it circulates the blood

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37
Q

how are cardiac muscle cells attached to each other?

A

by intercalated discs

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38
Q

are cardiac muscle striated?

A

yes

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39
Q

what type of nucleus does cardiac muscle have?

A

single

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40
Q

what is cardiac muscle often?

A

branched

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41
Q

is contraction in cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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42
Q

where does smooth muscle tissue occur?

A

in the walls of most hollow organs (stomach and intestines)

43
Q

are smooth muscle striated?

A

no

44
Q

what type of nucleus does smooth muscle have?

A

single

45
Q

is contraction in smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

46
Q

what does nervous tissue conduct?

A

action potentials (nerve impulses)

47
Q

what does the nervous system contain?

A

neurons and glia (glial cells)

48
Q

what do neurons conduct?

A

actions potentials that result in nervous system function

49
Q

what do glia perform?

A

various supportive functions

50
Q

what is a neuron composed of? (3)

A

1) cell body
2) dendrites
3) axons

51
Q

what does the cell body contain and what does it do?

A

contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions

52
Q

what do dendrites and axons consist of?

A

projections of cytoplasm surrounded by the membrane

53
Q

what does dendrites do?

A

carries information TO the cell body

54
Q

what does axons do?

A

carries nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body

55
Q

what do multipolar neurons have?

A

multiple dendrites and a single axon

56
Q

where is nervous tissue located?

A

1) brain
2) spinal cord
3) ganglia

57
Q

what do tissue membranes look like?

A

thin, flexible sheets that cover surfaces or line cavities

58
Q

what type of tissue are usually on tissue membranes?

A

epithelium on connective tissues

59
Q

what is the membrane of our skin called?

A

cutaneous membrane

60
Q

3 types of tissue membranes

A

1) mucous
2) serous
3) synovial

61
Q

what does mucous membranes line?

A

passageway that open to the outside

62
Q

what does moist mucous membranes consist of?

A

an epithelium on areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)

63
Q

what type of epithelia might mucous membrane be?

A

simple (stomach) or stratified (mouth)

64
Q

what does serous membrane line?

A

cavities that do NOT open to the outside

65
Q

what does serous membrane consist of?

A

mesothelium on areolar connective tissue

66
Q

where do synovial membranes occur?

A

at freely-moveable joints

67
Q

what does synovial membranes line?

A

a joint cavity

68
Q

what does synovial membranes produce?

A

synovial fluid

69
Q

what type of tissue is the synovial membrane?

A

areolar tissue with NO epithelial tissue

70
Q

is inflammation a good thing for repair?

A

yes

71
Q

what is inflammation?

A

the body’s response to injury

72
Q

what does inflammation do?

A

1) activates body’s defenses
2) destroys microbes
3) removes damaged cells, microbes and foreign materials

73
Q

what do damaged cells release?

A

chemical mediators that produce inflammation

74
Q

what does inflammation produce? (5) (HPSRA)

A

1) heat
2) pain
3) swelling
4) redness
5) altered function

75
Q

what causes the redness and heat during inflammation?

A

the extra blood

76
Q

what happens during inflammationto thecapillaries?

A

they become leaky causing more blood to goto the area

77
Q

what does tissue repair range from?

A

tissue to tissue

78
Q

what does clotting occur by:?

A

platelets and blood proteins

79
Q

what do the platelets and blood proteins do during clotting?

A

isolate the tissue damage

80
Q

what are the types of tissue repair?

A

regeneration and replacement

81
Q

what happens during regeneration?

A

the damaged tissue is replaced with the functional tissue

82
Q

what happens during replacement?

A

the damaged tissue is replaced with connective tissue

83
Q

which is better regeneration or replacement?

A

regeneration

84
Q

what are the three types of cells involved in tissue repair that have different abilities to regenerate?

A

1) labile cells
2) stable cells
3) permanent cells

85
Q

what are labile cells?

A

specialized cells or stem cells that regenerate well

86
Q

where are labile cells found? (5) (EDMHL)

A

1) epithilia
2) dermis
3) mucous membranes
4) hemopoeietic tissue
5) lymphatic tissue

87
Q

what are stable cells?

A

cells that usually do not grow but can divided and regernate somewhat

88
Q

where are stable cells found? (5) (MLPSE)

A

1) most connective tissues
2) liver
3) pancreas
4) smooth muscle
5) endocrine glands

89
Q

what are permanent cells?

A

cells that have limited ability to replicate and if damaged are usually replaced by connective tissues

90
Q

where are permanent cells found? (3) (NSC)

A

1) neurons
2) skeletal muscle
3) cardiac muscle

91
Q

what is a good example of tissue repair?

A

the skin

92
Q

if the edges are close in a wound how do they repair?

A

by primary union or primary intention

93
Q

what forms first during primary union?

A

a clot which seals the wound and inflammation occurs

94
Q

what do phagocytic WBCs migrate to the wounded area during primary union for?

A

to fight microbes and to remove foreign material and dead cells

95
Q

what do fibroblasts migrate to the wounded area during primary union for?

A

to produce extracellular matrix

96
Q

what happens to the blood vessels during primary union?

A

they grow and epithelial cells migrate to the wound

97
Q

what is the epithelial cells, fibroblasts, wbcs and growing capillaries during primary union called?

A

granulation tissue

98
Q

what does granulation tissue do?

A

replaces the clot

99
Q

what is the final step of primary union?

A

a thin scab falls off

100
Q

how long after an injury does a scab form?

A

1 week

101
Q

if the edges are NOT close together what occurs?

A

secondary union (intention)

102
Q

how is repair done during secndary union?

A

repair is the same but it takes longer to heal

103
Q

what forms in the wound when it heals with secondary union?

A

a connective tissue scar

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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