Exam #1 Ch. 4 part 2 (Bone, muscle, nervous tissue and tissue repair) Flashcards
what does bone matrix contain?
hard calcium salts and collagen fibers
two types of bone
1) spongy bone
2) compact bone
what does spongy bone have?
spaces between the plates/beams (trabeculae) of bone and resembles a sponge.
what type of cells are found in bone?
osteocytes
where are the osteocytes located in spongy bone?
within lucunae in the trabeculae
what is the function of spongy bone?
provides strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone
where is spongy bone located? (5) (IVSPE)
1) the interior of the bones of the skull
2) verterbrae
3) sternum
4) pelvis
5) in the ends of long bones
how does compact bone appear?
solid with layer or lamellae
where are the osteocytes located in compact bone?/
also within the lucunae and distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals
what do small passageways ?
adjacent lacunae
what is the functions of compact bone?
provides great strength and support and forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured
where is compact bone located?
1) outer portions of portions
2) the shafts of bones
what type of matrix does fluid connective tissue have?
a watery matrix and unformed fibers
what type of connective tissue is blood?
fluid
what type of matrix does blood have?
a watery matrix
what type of cells does blood have?
1) erythrocytes (RBC)
2) leukocytes (WBC)
3) platelet (not a cell, a formed fragment)
what is the function of blood? (3) (TPI)
1) transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and other substances
2) protects the body from infections
3) involved in temperature regulation
where is the blood located?
1) within blood vessels
2) WBC’s often leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces
where does blood cells and platelet cells form?
in Hemopoietic tissue and then it is called bone marrow
what tissue is found in bone marrow?
hemopoietic tissue
what forms in red bone marrow?
bone cells and platelets
what type of tissue is yellow bone marrow?
Adipose (NOT hemopoetic)
what exactly is red bone marrow?
hemopoetic tissue surrounded by a network of reticular fibers
what is the function of red bone marrow?
production of new blood cells
what is the function of yellow bone marrow?
stores lipids
where is red bone marrow located? (2) (EI)
1) ends of long bones
2) in short, flat and irregurarly shaped bones
where is yellow bone marrow located/
in the shaft of long bones
what type of cells do muscle tissue contain?
muscle fibers
what do the muscle fibers do in muscle tissue/
contract with force
how do muscles create movement?
they are shortened or contracted with a force
what does skeletal muscle provide and how?
movement by pulling on bones
what type of nucleus do skeletal fibers have?
multinucleated
what type of fibers do skeletal muscles have?
long
is skeletal muscle striated?
yes
is contraction in skeletal muscles volunatary or involuntary?
voluntary
where is cardiac muscle located and what does it do?
only in the heart and it circulates the blood
how are cardiac muscle cells attached to each other?
by intercalated discs
are cardiac muscle striated?
yes
what type of nucleus does cardiac muscle have?
single
what is cardiac muscle often?
branched
is contraction in cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
where does smooth muscle tissue occur?
in the walls of most hollow organs (stomach and intestines)
are smooth muscle striated?
no
what type of nucleus does smooth muscle have?
single
is contraction in smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
what does nervous tissue conduct?
action potentials (nerve impulses)
what does the nervous system contain?
neurons and glia (glial cells)
what do neurons conduct?
actions potentials that result in nervous system function
what do glia perform?
various supportive functions
what is a neuron composed of? (3)
1) cell body
2) dendrites
3) axons
what does the cell body contain and what does it do?
contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions
what do dendrites and axons consist of?
projections of cytoplasm surrounded by the membrane
what does dendrites do?
carries information TO the cell body
what does axons do?
carries nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body
what do multipolar neurons have?
multiple dendrites and a single axon
where is nervous tissue located?
1) brain
2) spinal cord
3) ganglia
what do tissue membranes look like?
thin, flexible sheets that cover surfaces or line cavities
what type of tissue are usually on tissue membranes?
epithelium on connective tissues
what is the membrane of our skin called?
cutaneous membrane
3 types of tissue membranes
1) mucous
2) serous
3) synovial
what does mucous membranes line?
passageway that open to the outside
what does moist mucous membranes consist of?
an epithelium on areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)
what type of epithelia might mucous membrane be?
simple (stomach) or stratified (mouth)
what does serous membrane line?
cavities that do NOT open to the outside
what does serous membrane consist of?
mesothelium on areolar connective tissue
where do synovial membranes occur?
at freely-moveable joints
what does synovial membranes line?
a joint cavity
what does synovial membranes produce?
synovial fluid
what type of tissue is the synovial membrane?
areolar tissue with NO epithelial tissue
is inflammation a good thing for repair?
yes
what is inflammation?
the body’s response to injury
what does inflammation do?
1) activates body’s defenses
2) destroys microbes
3) removes damaged cells, microbes and foreign materials
what do damaged cells release?
chemical mediators that produce inflammation
what does inflammation produce? (5) (HPSRA)
1) heat
2) pain
3) swelling
4) redness
5) altered function
what causes the redness and heat during inflammation?
the extra blood
what happens during inflammationto thecapillaries?
they become leaky causing more blood to goto the area
what does tissue repair range from?
tissue to tissue
what does clotting occur by:?
platelets and blood proteins
what do the platelets and blood proteins do during clotting?
isolate the tissue damage
what are the types of tissue repair?
regeneration and replacement
what happens during regeneration?
the damaged tissue is replaced with the functional tissue
what happens during replacement?
the damaged tissue is replaced with connective tissue
which is better regeneration or replacement?
regeneration
what are the three types of cells involved in tissue repair that have different abilities to regenerate?
1) labile cells
2) stable cells
3) permanent cells
what are labile cells?
specialized cells or stem cells that regenerate well
where are labile cells found? (5) (EDMHL)
1) epithilia
2) dermis
3) mucous membranes
4) hemopoeietic tissue
5) lymphatic tissue
what are stable cells?
cells that usually do not grow but can divided and regernate somewhat
where are stable cells found? (5) (MLPSE)
1) most connective tissues
2) liver
3) pancreas
4) smooth muscle
5) endocrine glands
what are permanent cells?
cells that have limited ability to replicate and if damaged are usually replaced by connective tissues
where are permanent cells found? (3) (NSC)
1) neurons
2) skeletal muscle
3) cardiac muscle
what is a good example of tissue repair?
the skin
if the edges are close in a wound how do they repair?
by primary union or primary intention
what forms first during primary union?
a clot which seals the wound and inflammation occurs
what do phagocytic WBCs migrate to the wounded area during primary union for?
to fight microbes and to remove foreign material and dead cells
what do fibroblasts migrate to the wounded area during primary union for?
to produce extracellular matrix
what happens to the blood vessels during primary union?
they grow and epithelial cells migrate to the wound
what is the epithelial cells, fibroblasts, wbcs and growing capillaries during primary union called?
granulation tissue
what does granulation tissue do?
replaces the clot
what is the final step of primary union?
a thin scab falls off
how long after an injury does a scab form?
1 week
if the edges are NOT close together what occurs?
secondary union (intention)
how is repair done during secndary union?
repair is the same but it takes longer to heal
what forms in the wound when it heals with secondary union?
a connective tissue scar
