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A&P 223 > Exam #3 chapter 10 > Flashcards

Exam #3 chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what do most muscles attach to bones by?

A

a tendon or aponeurosis

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2
Q

what is the origin?

A

the muscle attachment site that does NOT move during contraction

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3
Q

what is the insertion?

A

the attachment site that moves during contraction

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4
Q

where is the insertion usually?

A

distal to the origin

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5
Q

is the insertion always distal to the origin?

A

no, the brachialis is the opposite

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6
Q

where is the muscle mass usually?

A

proximal to the movement

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7
Q

where does the insertion usually move towards and when?

A

the origin when a muscle contracts

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8
Q

what do most muscles cross?

A

one joint

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9
Q

what do muscles crossing two joints have?

A

more complex movements (biceps)

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10
Q

what does a group of muscles typically cooperate for?

A

to produce a movement

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11
Q

what do agonists form?

A

a group of muscles producing a specific action

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12
Q

what does the prime mover primarily produce?

A

a specific action

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13
Q

what does the antagonist produce?

A

the opposite action of the agonist

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14
Q

what does a fixator do?

A

stabilizes the origin of the prime mover

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15
Q

what does a synergist do?

A

provides additional pull to help start a movement or prevents movement at an intermediate joint

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16
Q

what is a compartment on a limb?

A

a group of nearby muscles with a similar action based on their position

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17
Q

what does the antagonist and agonist depend on?

A

the prime mover

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18
Q

what do fascicles contain?

A

parallel muscle fibers and can be arranged different ways in a muscle

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19
Q

what are fascicles in parallel and fusiform muscles?

A

parallel to the long axis of a muscle

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20
Q

what is the pattern of fascicle arrangement in circular muscles?

A

arranged in a circle around an opening and act as sphincters to close the opening

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21
Q

what is an example of a circular muscle?

A

orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi

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22
Q

what is the pattern of fascicle arrangement in convergent muscles?

A

broadly distributed fascicles converge at a single tendon

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23
Q

what is an example of a convergent muscle?

A

pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

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24
Q

what is the pattern of fascicle arrangement in parallel muscles?

A

fascicles are parallel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle

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25
Q

what are some examples of parallel muscles?

A

trapezius, rhomboideus and rectus abdominis

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26
Q

what is the pattern of fascile arrangment in pennate muscles?

A

fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle.

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27
Q

what are the different types of pennate muscles?

A

1) unipennate (fascicles only on one side of tendon)
2) bipennate (fascicles on both sides)
3) multipennate (fascicles arranged at many places around the central tendon. spread out at many angles to may smaller tendons)

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28
Q

what is an example of a unipennate muscle?

A

palmar interosseus and semiembranosus

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29
Q

what is an example of a bipennate muscle?

A

rectus fomoris

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30
Q

what is an example of a multipennate muscle?

A

deltoid

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31
Q

what is the pattern of fascicle arragment in fusiform muscles?

A

they lie parallel to the long axis of muscle. the belly of the muscle is larger in diameter than the ends

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32
Q

what are examples of fusiform muscles?

A

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

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33
Q

what can parallel and fusiform muscles do?

A

shorten about 30%

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34
Q

what do circular fascicles do?

A

decrease the size of opening and guard openings to internal passageways

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35
Q

what is the difference between pennate muscles and parallel muscles?

A

they don’t pull as far as parallel muscles but generate more force

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36
Q

what can pennate muscles have?

A

more than one tendon

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37
Q

how are muscle names descriptive?

A

location, size, shape, fascicle orientation, origin and insertion, number of heads/origin and action

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38
Q

what do the bones of the skeleton act like?

A

levers and muscles pull on them

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39
Q

what is a lever?

A

a rigid structure that moves on a fixed point (fucrum, F)

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40
Q

what is the fulcrum (F)?

A

the hinge

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41
Q

when does the lever move?

A

when the pull (P) is greater than the load (L)

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42
Q

in the body what is assigned the lever, fulcrum, muscle and load? (4) (LFML)

A

1) lever is the bone
2) fulcrum is the joint
3) muscle applies the pull
4) load is what is moved by action

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43
Q

what are the 3 classes of levers based on?

A

the relative position of the fulcrum, weight and pull

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44
Q

what is the first class lever called?

A

seesaw

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45
Q

where is the fulcrum in the first class lever?

A

it lies between the load and pull

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46
Q

are first class levers common in the body?

A

no, it’s rare

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47
Q

what is the second class lever called?

A

wheelbarrow

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48
Q

where is the load located in the second class lever?

A

between the fulcrum and pull

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49
Q

what are speed and distance sacrificed for in second class lever?

A

power

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50
Q

does the body have second class levers?

A

yes, a few

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51
Q

what is the third class lever called?

A

shovel

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52
Q

where is the pull located in the third class lever?

A

between the fulcrum and load

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53
Q

what is power sacrificed for in the third class lever?

A

speed and distance

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54
Q

is the third class lever common in the body?

A

yes it is the most common

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55
Q

what is the origin of the trapezius? (3) (ONS)

A

1) occipital protuberance
2) nuchal ligament
3) spinous processes of C7-T12

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56
Q

what is the insertion of the trapezius? (3)(CAS)

A

1) clavicle
2) acromion process
3) scapular spine

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57
Q

what is the action of the trapezius?

A

extends and laterally flexes neck

58
Q

what is the origin of the sternoclediomastoid?

A

manibrium and medial clavicle

59
Q

what is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

mastoid process and superior nuchal line

60
Q

what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid? (2) (OB)

A

1) one contracting along: laterally flexes head and neck to same side and rotates head and neck to opposite side
2) both contracting together: flexes neck

61
Q

what is the origin of the buccinator?

A

mandible and maxilla

62
Q

what is insertion of the buccinator?

A

orbicularis oris at angle of mouth

63
Q

what is the action of buccinator?

A

retracts angle of mouth and flattens cheek.

64
Q

what is the origin of the mentalis?

A

the mandible

65
Q

what is the insertion of the mentalis?

A

skin of chin

66
Q

what is the action of the mentalis?

A

elevates and wrinkles skin over chin and protrudes lower lip

67
Q

what is the origin of the occipitofrontalis?

A

the occipital bone

68
Q

what is the insertion of the occipitofrontalis?

A

skin of eyebrow and nose

69
Q

what is the action of the occipitofrontalis?

A

moves scalp and elevates eyebrows

70
Q

what is the origin of the orbicularis oculi?

A

maxilla and frontal bones

71
Q

what is the insertion of the orbicularis oculi?

A

circles orbit and inserts near origin

72
Q

what is the action of the orbicularis oculi?

A

closes eye

73
Q

what is the origin of the orbicularis oris?

A

nasal septum, maxilla and mandible

74
Q

what is the insertion for the orbicularis oris?

A

fascia and other muscles of lips

75
Q

what is the action of the orbicularis oris?

A

closes lips

76
Q

what is the origin of the platysma?

A

fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major

77
Q

what is the insertion of the platysma?

A

skin over inferior border of mandible

78
Q

what is the action of the platysma?

A

depresses lower lip and wrinkles skin of neck and upper chest

79
Q

what is the origin of the zygomaticus major?

A

zygomatic bone

80
Q

what is the insertion of the zygomaticus major?

A

angle of mouth

81
Q

what is the action of the zygomaticus major?

A

elevate and abducts upper lip

82
Q

what is the origin of the temporalis?

A

temporal fossa

83
Q

what is the insertion of the termporalis?

A

anterior portion of mandibular ramus and coronoid process

84
Q

what is the action of the temporalis?

A

elevates and retracts mandible and involved in excursion

85
Q

what is the origin of the masseter?

A

zygomatic arch

86
Q

what is the insertion of the masseter?

A

lateral side of mandibular ramus

87
Q

what is the action of the masseter?

A

elevates and protracts mandible and involved in excursion

88
Q

what 3 columns is the erector spinae divided into?

A

1) iliocostalis
2) longissimus
3) spinalis

89
Q

what is the origin of the iliocostalis?

A

sacrum, ilium and lumbar spines

90
Q

what is the insertion ofthe iliocostalis?

A

ribs and vertebrae

91
Q

what is the action of the iliocostalis?

A

extends vertebral column

92
Q

what is the origin of the longissimus capitis?

A

upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae

93
Q

what is the insertion of the longissiumus cervicis?

A

upper thoracic vertebrae

94
Q

what is the insertion of the longissimus cervicis?

A

transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae

95
Q

what is the action of the longissimus capitis?

A

extends head

96
Q

what is the actoin of the longissimus cervicis?

A

extends neck

97
Q

what is the origin ofthe longissimus thoracis?

A

ribs and lower thoracic vertebrae

98
Q

what is the insertion of the longissimus thoracis?

A

transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae and ribs

99
Q

what is the action of the longissimus thoracis?

A

extends vertebral column

100
Q

what is the origin of the spinalis throacis?

101
Q

what is the insertion of the spinalis thoracis?

A

spinous processes of middle and upper thoracic vertebrae

102
Q

what is the action of the spinalis thoracis?

A

extends vertebral column

103
Q

what is the origin of the diaphragm?

A

interior of ribs, sternum and lumbar vertebrae

104
Q

what is the insertion of the diaphragm?

A

central tendon of diaphragm

105
Q

what is the action of the diaphragm?

A

inhalation depresses floor of thorax

106
Q

what is the origin of the external intercostalis?

A

inferior margin of each rib

107
Q

what is the insertion of the external intercostalis?

A

superior border of next rib below

108
Q

what is the action of the external intercostalis?

A

quiet inhalation elevates ribs

109
Q

what is the origin of the internal intercostalis?

A

superior margin of each rib

110
Q

what is the insertion of the internal interscostalis?

A

inferior border of next rib above

111
Q

what is the action of the internal intercostalis?

A

forced exhalation depresses ribs

112
Q

what is the origin of the rectus abdominus?

A

pubic crest and symphysis pubis

113
Q

what is the insertion of the rectus abdominus?

A

xiphoid process and inferior ribs

114
Q

what is the action of the rectus abdominus?

A

flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen

115
Q

what is the origin of the external abdominal oblique?

A

5th to 12th ribs

116
Q

what is the insertion of the external abdominal oblique?

A

iliac crest, inguinal ligament and rectus sheath

117
Q

what is the action of the external abdominal oblique?

A

flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen and depresses thorax

118
Q

what is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

iliac crest, inguinal ligament and lumbar fascia

119
Q

what is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

10th to 12th ribs and rectus sheath

120
Q

what is the action of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen and depresses thorax

121
Q

what is the origin of the transversus abdominis?

A

7th to 12th costal cartilages, lumar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament

122
Q

what is the insertion of the transversus abdominis?

A

xiphoid process, linea alba and pubic tubercle

123
Q

what is the action of the transversus abdominis?

A

compresses abdomen

124
Q

what is the origin of the levator scapulae?

A

transverse processes of C1-C4

125
Q

what is the insertion of the levator scapulae?

A

superior angle of scapula

126
Q

what is the action of the levator scapulae?

A

elevates, retracts and rotates scapula and lateraly flexes neck

127
Q

what is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

3rd to 5th ribs

128
Q

what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

coracoid process of scapula

129
Q

what is the action ofthe pectoralis minor?

A

depresses scapula or elevates ribs

130
Q

what is the origin of the rhomboideus major?

A

spinous processes of T1-T4

131
Q

what is the insertion of rhomboideus major?

A

medial border of scapula

132
Q

what is the action of the rhomboideus major?

A

retracts, slightly elevates, rotates and fixes scapula

133
Q

what is the origin of the rhomboideus minor?

A

spinous processes of C6-C7

134
Q

what is the insertion of the rhomboideus minor?

A

medial border of scapula

135
Q

what is the action of the rhomboideus minor?

A

retracts, slightly elevates, rotates and fixes scapula

136
Q

what is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

1st to 8th or 9th ribs

137
Q

what is the insertion of the serratus anterior?

A

medial border of scapula

138
Q

what is the action of the serratus anterior?

A

rotates and protracts scapula and elevates ribs

139
Q

what is the origin of the subclavious?

140
Q

what is the insertion of the subclavious?

141
Q

what is the action of the subclavious?

A

flexes clavicle or elevates first rib

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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