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A&P 223 > Exam #4 chapter 11 > Flashcards

Exam #4 chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

with graded potentials when channels close what happens?

A

the ions diffuse away and the membrane returns to the resting membrane potential

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2
Q

what will ions do with graded potentials?

A

flow through an open channel and make the membrane more polarized (hyperpolarized) or less polarized (depolarized)

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3
Q

what is the structure of a dendrite?

A

branched, short and tapering processes

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4
Q

what are glial cells of the CNS?

A

supporting cells

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5
Q

what is the cation, potassium level ?

A

intracellular: 148 and extracellular: 5

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6
Q

what is the structure of an axon?

A

usually unbranched, long and do NOT taper

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7
Q

what does the ANS do?

A

sends commands to the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands (involuntary)

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8
Q

what do axons do?

A

branch and form enlarged presynaptic (axon) terminals

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9
Q

why is the plasma membrane selectively permeable? (2) (PC)

A

1) proteins are too large to pass through

2) charged ions cannot pass through the membrane but they can pass through ion channels in the membrane

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10
Q

what does ependymal cells do?

A

produce, monitor and circulate CSF

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of bipolar neurons? (3) (HHS)

A

1) has one dendrite
2) has one axon
3) small sensory neurons

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12
Q

what is the functional classification of sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

they conduct action potential to the CNS

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13
Q

where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

part of the ANS in the wall of the GI tract that controls the GI tract.

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14
Q

what are some types of glial cells of the CNS? (4) (AEMO)

A

1) astrocytes
2) ependymal cells
3) microglia cells
4) oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

what can be done with graded potentials?

A

they can be summed or added together

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16
Q

what are unlyelinated axons in the PNS enclosed by?

A

schwann cells

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17
Q

what do schwann cells do?

A

wrap a portion of one axon and form a myelin sheath

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18
Q

what is the similarity and difference between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

they have the same amount of cations and anions but differ the concentrations of different ions

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19
Q

what does the sympathetic division do?

A

functions in stressful situation (or exercise)

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20
Q

with graded potentials what is the change at a distance from the site of ion flow?

A

smaller

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of leak channels? (3) (AAP)

A

1) always open
2) allow certain ions to pass through the membrane continuously
3) put in the membrane by the cell

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22
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

the nervous tissues outside the CNS

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23
Q

what does the motor (efferent) division consist of?

A

1) the somatic nervous system (SNS)

2) the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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24
Q

why does the resting membrane potential exist?

A

because of an unequal distribution of ions

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25
Q

how are astrocytes shaped and where are they located?

A

they are star-shaped in the CNS

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of pseudo-unipolar (unipolar) neurons? (2) (SC)

A

1) has short dendrites attached to a long axon

2) cell body off axon- sensory

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27
Q

what are graded potentials?

A

electrical signals that do not travel far

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28
Q

what does astrocytes regulate?

A

the chemical enviornment around neurons

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29
Q

when is the membrane potential termed hyperpoloraization?

A

a change away from 0mV

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30
Q

what is the functional classification of motor (efferent) neurons?

A

they conduct action potentials from the CNS

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31
Q

what does the cytoskeleton of astrocytes provide?

A

structure in nervous tissue

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32
Q

what do myelin sheaths do?

A

increase the speed of an action potential considerably

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33
Q

if calcium channels open what happens?

A

calcium ions will flow into the cell (depolarization)

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34
Q

what are sensory receptors?

A

ends of neurons, or separate specialized cells that detect temperature, touch, pain, pressure etc.

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35
Q

what are ligand-gated channels opened by?

A

the binding of specific chemical, a ligand-

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36
Q

if sodium channels open what happens?

A

sodium ions will flow into the cell (depoloarization)

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37
Q

what are the causes of the resting potential? (3) (MIS)

A

1) more potassium leaves the cell than sodium enter the cell
2) the inability of most anions to leave the cell since they are large
3) the sodium- potassium exchange pump pumps 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

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38
Q

what type of ligand opens ligand-gated channels?

A

sodium channels in the the neuromuscular junction

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39
Q

what does grey matter in the nervous system consist of? (4) (NDUG)

A

1) neuron cell bodies
2) dendrites
3) unlyelinated axons
4) ganglia in the PNS and nuclei in the CNS

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40
Q

what neurons are classified by structure?

A

1) multipolar neurons
2) bipolar neurons
3) pseudo-unipolar (unipolar) neurons

41
Q

if chloride channels open what happens?

A

chloride ions will flow into the cell (hyperpolarization)

42
Q

what nervous tissues does the PNS consist of? (4) (NGSP)

A

1) nerves
2) ganglia
3) sensory receptors
4) plexuses (nerve networks)

43
Q

what is the section of the axon next to the axon hillock? and what occurs there?

A

the initial segment in which an action potential begins

44
Q

what divisions does the PNS consist of?

A

1) sensory (afferent) division

2) motor (efferent) division

45
Q

what functions does the CNS have? (3) (RPS)

A

1) receives sensory data
2) processes information
3) sends out major commands

46
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

about -70mV

47
Q

when ion channels open what do ions do?

A

diffuse down their concentration gradients

48
Q

what type of stimuli opens other gated channels?

A

pressure

49
Q

what do neuron cell bodies contain? (5) (PANMG)

A

1) prominent nucleus
2) abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) nissle bodies
4) mitochondria
5) gogli apparatuses

50
Q

what type of division is the sensory division and what does it do?

A

an afferent division and it sends information to the CNS

51
Q

what is the functional classification of interneurons?

A

completely contained within the CNS

52
Q

what does extracellular fluid consist of?

A

high in sodium and chloride

53
Q

what are ‘electrical signals’ for the nervous system?

A

action potentials

54
Q

what is a nerve?

A

a bundle of many axons that connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands.

55
Q

when are gated channels closed until?

A

a specific signal opens them.

56
Q

what does the ventricles and canals of ependymal cells contain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

57
Q

what is a myelin sheath?

A

layers of plasma membrane containing phospholipids

58
Q

with graded potentials if more ions flow across the membrane what happens?

A

the change is greater

59
Q

what can a cell’s resting membrane be measured in?

A

mV

60
Q

what are neurons?

A

cells that are involved in neural activity

61
Q

what does the parasympathetic division do?

A

functions in restful times

62
Q

what does astrocytes limit?

A

the spread of inflammation and limit axon regeneration

63
Q

what is the function of a dendrite?

A

to receive information and conduct it to the cell body

64
Q

what will the flow of ions be influenced by when the channels open?

A

the charge of the ion and nearby charges

65
Q

what do axons attach to?

A

a cone-shaped part of the neuron cell body called the axon hillock

66
Q

what type of voltage opens voltage-gated channels?

A

calcium channels in presynaptic terminal membranes

67
Q

what can concentration differences cause ions to do?

A

move across the membrane

68
Q

what is the unequal distribution of ions due to?

A

the activity of the plasma membrane

69
Q

what are voltage-gated channels opened by?

A

when the voltage reaches a certain voltage

70
Q

what are other gated channels opened by?

A

stimuli

71
Q

in graded potentials when ions flow across the membrane what happens?

A

the membrane potential changes

72
Q

what are the characteristics of microglia cells?

A

small, mobile phagocytic cells in the CNS

73
Q

what is an action potential

A

a quick change to the resting membrane potential

74
Q

when does the membrane potential change in predictable ways?

A

when ions flow across the membrane through channels

75
Q

what type of neurons are classified by structure?

A

1) sensory (afferent) neurons
2) motor (efferent) neurons
3) interneurons

76
Q

what does the SNS do?

A

sends commands to skeletal muscles (voluntary)

77
Q

what is the anion, chloride level?

A

I: 4 E: 103

78
Q

what is the cation, sodium level?

A

I: 10 E: 142

79
Q

when is the membrane potential termed depoloarization?

A

a change towards 0 mV

80
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

81
Q

what does white matter in the nervous system consist of?

A

1) myelinated axons

2) nerves in the PNS and nerve tracts (tracts) in the CNS

82
Q

what does the ANS consist of?

A

1) the sympathetic division
2) parasympathetic division
3) the enteric nervous system

83
Q

what do nerve tracts do?

A

propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another.

84
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

surround neuron cell bodies for protection and nourishment

85
Q

what does the sodium-potassium ion exchange pump do?

A

moves 2 potassium ions in the cells and 3 sodium ions out

86
Q

what is cation, calcium level?

A

I: less than 1 E: 5

87
Q

what does astrocytes influence?

A

synapse formation

88
Q

what does intracellular fluid consist of?

A

high in potassium, proteins and other anions (P)

89
Q

what type of division is the motor division and what does it do?

A

an efferent division and it sends commands from the CNS

90
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

wrap portions of several axons and form a myelin sheath

91
Q

what are the characteristics of multipolar neurons? (3) (HHM)

A

1) has many dendrites
2) has one axon
3) most common neuron

92
Q

what do cells in the nervous system include?

A

neurons and glial cells

93
Q

where are ependymal cells located?

A

they line cavities (ventricles) and canals of the CNS

94
Q

what are types of glial cells of the PNS?

A

1) schwann cells

2) satellite cells

95
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

1) the central nervous system (CNS)

2) the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

96
Q

if potassium channels open what happens?

A

potassium ions will flow out of the cell (hyperpolarization)

97
Q

what type of permeability does the plasma membrane have?

A

it’s selectively permeable

98
Q

what does astrocytes participate in?

A

the blood-brain barrier

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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