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A&P 223 > Exam #1 Chapter 4 (Epithelial tissue and connective tissue) > Flashcards

Exam #1 Chapter 4 (Epithelial tissue and connective tissue) Flashcards

1
Q

collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.

A

tissues

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2
Q

four primary types of tissue

A

1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nervous

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3
Q

which tissues are the most diverse in form?

A

epithelial and connective

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4
Q

what are epithelial and connective tissue classified by?

A

structure

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5
Q

what type of structure is looked at for epithelial and connective tissue? 3 (CRC)

A

1) cell shape
2) relationship of cells to one another
3) composition of the extracellular matrix

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6
Q

what are muscle and nervous tissue classified by? (3) (SFL)

A

1) structure
2) functional characteristics
3) location

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7
Q

what is an example of the tissues being interdependent on one another?

A

muscle tissue cannot produce movement unless it receives oxygen carried by red blood cells and bone can’t form unless epithelial tissue absorbs calcium and other nutrients from the digestive tract.

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8
Q

what does epithelial tissue form?

A

surfaces and glands

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9
Q

what does connective tissue do? (4) (PBSP)

A

1) protect and support the body
2) bind organs together
3) store energy reserves
4) provide immunity

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10
Q

what does muscle tissue do?

A

contract

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11
Q

what does nervous tissue do?

A

conduct nerve impulses

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12
Q

which nerve tissues are more specialized?

A

nervous and muscle

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13
Q

how do organs do what they do?

A

because of tissue composition

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14
Q

what do different tissues have?

A

different characteristics or properties

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15
Q

how can a great deal of information be obtained about a person?

A

by examining their tissues

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16
Q

what are 3 ways to examine tissues?

A

1) blood
2) biopsy
3) pap smear
4) autopsy

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17
Q

the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes to examine various disorders

A

biopsy

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18
Q

examination of organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study changes caused by a disease

A

autopsy

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19
Q

what is often part of an autopsy?

A

microscopic examination

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20
Q

what two layers form approximately 13 or 14 days after fertilization?

A

1) epiblast

2) hypoblast

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21
Q

after the cells of the epiblast migrate between the two layers what forms?

A

3 embryonic germ layers

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22
Q

what are the 3 embryonic germ layers?

A

1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm

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23
Q

what do the germ layers give rise to?

A

all the tissues of the body

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24
Q

what layer is the endoderm and what does it form?

A

the inner layer, the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives

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25
Q

what layer is the mesoderm and what does it form?

A

the middle layer, tissues such as muscle, bone and blood vessels

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26
Q

what layer is the ectoderm and what does it form?

A

the outer layer and the neuroectoderm forms the skin.

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27
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5) (LFDAR)

A

1) little extracellular material
2) found on surfaces and form most glands
3) different surfaces
4) avascular
5) regenerate well when damaged

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28
Q

surfaces of epithelial tissue (3) (ALB)

A

1) apical (free) that doesn’t face adjacent cells
2) lateral that faces adjacent cells
3) basal surface that faces the basement membrane

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29
Q

a secreted porous layer that allows exchange

A

basement membrane

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30
Q

since epithelial tissue are avascular what do they diffuse nutrients from?

A

deeper connective tissue

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31
Q

what is an example of epithelial tissues that regenerate well?

A

stem cells

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32
Q

how is cell shape seen?

A

perpendicular to the apical surface

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33
Q

how many simple and stratified epithelia are there?

A

4 simple and 4 stratified

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34
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue related to?

A

their structure

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35
Q

characteristics of simple epithelia (2) (TO)

A

1) thin

2) occur in protected locations for diffusion, absorption and secretion

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36
Q

characteristics of stratified epithelia (2) (TO)

A

1) thicker

2) occur in locations that experience stress

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37
Q

in stratified epithelia what is superficial cells replaced by?

A

cells below which divide

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38
Q

what are the many layers of stratified epithelia also a barrier to?

A

chemicals and microbes

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39
Q

what does keratanized stratified epithelia contain?

A

the tough protein keratin

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40
Q

what are squamous cells best for?

A

diffusion and to form smooth surfaces

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41
Q

what are cuboidal and columnar cells have and what does that do?

A

more cytoplasm to surface area and are better for absorption and secretion

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42
Q

what can the surface of epithlia be modified for?

A

specific functions

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43
Q

what does some epithelia have that helps with modification?

A

cilia and microvilli

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44
Q

what is the plasma membrane of transitional epithelia shaped like?

A

it’s folded

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45
Q

extensions of cell that greatly increase free surface area

A

microvilli

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46
Q

contains microtubules, which allow them to move materials across the free surface of the cell

A

cilia

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47
Q

3 things that the structures that hold cells together or to the basement membrane do (MHP)

A

1) mechanically bind cells togeher
2) help form a permeability barrier
3 )provide a mechanism for intercellular communication

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48
Q

a relatively strong adhesive between cells and consist of glycoproteins that bind cells together and intracellular proteins attached to immediate filaments that extend into cytoplasm of the cells.

A

desmosomes

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49
Q

where are many desmosomes found?

A

in epithelial tissue that are subjected to stress such as stratified squamous epithelial of the skin

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50
Q

similar to one-half of the desmosome and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmomes

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51
Q

hold cells together and form a permeability barrier.

A

tight junctions

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52
Q

how are tight junctions formed?

A

by proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another to make a very tight seal.

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53
Q

what is an example of a tight junction?

A

in the stomach and urinary bladder, chemicals cannot pass between cells but water andother substances must pass which regulates what is absorbed and secreted.

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54
Q

where are tight junctions found

A

in areas where a layer of simple epithelial forms a permeability barrier

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55
Q

glycoproteins found just below the tight junction.

A

adhesion belt

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56
Q

where is the adhesion belt located?

A

between the plasma membrane of adjacent cells and acts as a weak glue that hold cells together.

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57
Q

is the adhesion belt as strong as desmosomes?

A

no

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58
Q

a small, specialized contact region between cells by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another.

A

gap junctions

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59
Q

in epithelial cells what may coordinate the movement of celia

A

gap junctions .

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60
Q

in cardiac and smooth muscle tissue what are gap junctions important for?

A

coordinating important functions

61
Q

what does a tight junction prevent?

A

fluid flow

62
Q

what does an adhesion belt prevent?

A

the tight junction from being pulled apart

63
Q

what does a gap junction attach channels through?

A

the membranes

64
Q

what does gap junction allow? (2) (IA)

A

1) ions and small molecules to pass through

2) adjacent cells to coordinate their activity

65
Q

what type of surfaces does epithelia cover?

A

protective or selective

66
Q

what type of organs are glands?

A

secretory

67
Q

what type of cells will glands consist of?

A

single or multiple cells

68
Q

types of glands

A

1) exocrine

2) endocrine

69
Q

glands that lack ducts and release secretions (hormones)into the interstitial fluid, diffuse into the bloodstream, and circulate to the whole body

A

endocrine glands

70
Q

release secretions onto an epithelium through a duct

A

exocrine glands

71
Q

what type of cells are most exocrine glands?

A

most are multicellular and some are unicellular

72
Q

what is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland?

A

a goblet cell

73
Q

how are the structure multicellular exocrine glands classified?

A

1) whether the ducts are branched or not (simple or compound)
2) the shape of the secrtory areas (tubular, acinar or tubuloacinar/tubuloaveolar)

74
Q

what type of duct do simple glands have?

A

a single non branched duct

75
Q

what type of duct do compound glands have?

A

secretory regions that branch off the duct

76
Q

glands with secretory regions shaped like tubules (small tubes)

A

tubular

77
Q

glands with secretory regions shaped like saclike structures

A

acinar or aveolar

78
Q

glands with a combination of a tube shape and sac shape

A

tubuloaveolar

79
Q

what is the functional classification of exocrine glands

A

1) merocrine secretion
2) apocrine secretion
3) holocrine secretion

80
Q

what is the most common type of secretion in exocrine glands?

A

merocrine

81
Q

what happens during merocrine secretion?

A

the product is released from secretory vessicles by exocytosis

82
Q

what happens during apocrine secretion?

A

the product is released by shedding the apical portion of the cell

83
Q

what happens during holocrine secretion?

A

the prodouct is released when a cell packed with the secretion lyses. entire cell is shed by the gland and becomes part of the secretion

84
Q

characteristics of connective tissue (3) (AVD)

A

1) abundant extracellular matrix which largely determines the properties of the tissues
2) vascular
3) diverse functions

85
Q

functions of connective tissue (7) (ECSSCTP)

A

1) enclosing and separating other tissues
2) connecting tissues to one another
3) supporting and moving parts of the body
4) storing compounds
5) cushioning and insulating
6) transporting
7) protecting

86
Q

types of cells founds in connective tissue (6) (BAMLMM)

A

1) -blast cells, cyte cells, clast cells
2) adipocytes
3) mast cells
4) leukocytes
5) macrophages
6) mesenchymal

87
Q

cells that secrete the connective tissue matrix

A

blast cells

88
Q

cells that maintain the matrix

A

cyte cells

89
Q

cells that degrade the matrix

A

clast cells

90
Q

what do adipocytes (fat cells) contain?

A

a large droplet of fat

91
Q

cells that release histamine and stimulate inflammation

A

mast cells

92
Q

cells that migrate into infected connective tissue

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

93
Q

a type of WBC that phaocytize debris and bacteria

A

macrophages

94
Q

stem cells that give rise to certain tissue cells

A

messenchymal cells

95
Q

what type of cells are most messenchymal cells?

A

embryonic

96
Q

what does the matrix of connective tissue consist of? (3)

A

1) fibers
2) ground substance
3) fluid

97
Q

types of protein fibers

A

1) collagen
2) elastic
3) reticular

98
Q

abundant fibers that are large, unbranched, very strong (stronger than steel) flexible and resist tension

A

collagen fibers

99
Q

fibers made of elastin, are linked and can stretch

A

elastic fibers

100
Q

fibers that are thin, branched collagen fibers that form a network primarily for the attachment of cells

A

reticular fibers

101
Q

what can the ground substance be?

A

fluid, viscous or hard

102
Q

what does ground substance contain? (2) (WPP)

A

1) water
2) polysacharides
3) proteins

103
Q

what are connective tissues classified based on?

A

their composition

104
Q

types of tissue found in embryonic connective tissue not found in adults

A

1) mesenchyme

2) mucous connective tissue

105
Q

what does mesenchyme contain and what does it form?

A

mesechymal cells with fine fibers and forms other connective tissue

106
Q

protects the umbilical cord’s blood vessels

A

mucous connective tissue

107
Q

types of adult connective tissue

A

1) connective tissue proper
2) supporting connective tissue
3) fluid connective tissue

108
Q

types of connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense

109
Q

what do loose connective tissues have and lack?

A

they have abundant ground substance and few fibers

110
Q

types of loose connective tissue (3)

A

1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular

111
Q

contains different cells and fibers and can distort easily, appears open and is often filler material in the body

A

areolar tissue

112
Q

contains many adipocytes almost filled with lipid to store energy and provides padding and insulation

A

adipose tissue

113
Q

contains reticular fibers that form a 3D framework to support cells in certain organs

A

reticular tissue

114
Q

what does dense connective tissue contain?

A

many fibers

115
Q

what kind of fibers does dense regular connective tissue contain and what does it form?

A

parallel fibers and form cords and sheets

116
Q

what does irregular connective tissue form?

A

sheets

117
Q

what is the structure of Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue/

A

the matrix is composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction

118
Q

what is the function of Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue?

A

it’s able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation. great tensile strength and stretch resistance

119
Q

where are Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue located?

A

tendons and ligaments

120
Q

what is the structure of Dense Regular Elastic connective tissue/

A

the matrix is composed of regularly arranged fibers and elastic fibers

121
Q

what is the function of dense regular elastic connective tissue?

A

able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation

122
Q

where are dense regular elastic connective tissue located? (3)

A

1) vocal folds
2) elastic ligaments between vertibrae
3) dorsal aspect of the neck

123
Q

what is the structure of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?

A

the matrix is composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers in a somewhat single direction

124
Q

what is the function of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?

A

tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions

125
Q

what is the location of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?

A

1) sheaths
2) most of the dermis of the skin
3) organ capsules
4) septa
5) outer covering of body tubes

126
Q

what is the structure of dense irregular elastic connective tissue?

A

the matrix is composed of bundles of sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions

127
Q

what is the function of dense irregular elastic connective tissue?

A

capable of strength with stretching and recoil in several directions

128
Q

where are dense irregular elastic connective tissue located?

A

elastic arteries

129
Q

what do supporting connective tissues have?

A

abundant fibers and a rigid hard matrix

130
Q

what does cartilage contain?

A

a rigid, gel-like matrix with fibers, chondrocytes (if fully formed)

131
Q

where does cartilage live?

A

in cavaties called lucunae

132
Q

what is cartilage surrounded by?

A

fibrous perichondrium

133
Q

what is the most common cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

134
Q

what does hyaline cartilage contain

A

invisible, closely packed collagen fibers

135
Q

what does hyaline cartilage provide?

A

flexible support

136
Q

how does the matrix appear in hyaline cartilage?

A

transparent (glassy)

137
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage? (4) (APFF)

A

1) allows the growth of long bones
2) provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs and nose
3) forms strong, smooth yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces
4) forms the embryonic skeleton

138
Q

what does hyaline cartilage NOT have?

A

a periochdondrium

139
Q

what is the location of hyaline cartilage? (6) (GCCNAE)

A

1) growing long bones
2) cartilage of rings of the respiratory system
3) coastal cartilage of ribs
4) nasal cartilages
5) articulating surface of bones
6) embryonic skeleton

140
Q

what does fibrocartilage contain?

A

interwoven collagen fibers

141
Q

what is the toughest cartilage that can withstand pressure?

A

fibrocartilage

142
Q

how are the fibers in fibrocartilage arranged?

A

in thick bundles

143
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

1) somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure
2) connects structures subjected to great pressure

144
Q

where is fibrocartilage located?

A

1) intervertebral disks
2) symphysis pubis
3) articular disks (knee and temporomandibular jaw joints)

145
Q

what is the structure of the elastic cartilage?

A

similar to hylaine cartilage but matrix also contain elastic fibers

146
Q

what is the function of the elastic cartilage?

A

provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage

147
Q

why is elastic cartilage more flexible than hyaline cartilage?

A

because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being strtched

148
Q

where is elastic cartilage located? (3) (EEA)

A

1) external ears
2) epiglottis
3) auditory tubes

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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