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A&P 223 > Exam #5 Ch. 14 part 2 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Ch. 14 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what do spinocerebellar tracts carry?

A

proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

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2
Q

what do primary neurons from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions in spinocerebellar tracts do?

A

synapse in the posterior grey horn with secondary neurons that ascend in the posterior spinocerebellar tract without crossing over

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3
Q

what do primary neurons from the lower limbs and lowr lumbar regions in the spinocerebellar tract do?

A

synapse in the posterior grey horn with secondary neurons that may cross over and ascend in the spinocerebellar tract and those neurons

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4
Q

what happens to the primary neurons from the lower limbs and lower lumbar regions in the spinocerebellar tract that cross over?

A

they cross over again

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5
Q

what do primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex receive?

A

sensory inputs

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6
Q

what does the primary somatic sensory cortex receive?

A

general sensory information from the thalamus

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7
Q

what is the general sensory information received from the thalamus in the primary somatic sensory cortex categorized by? (3) (LSP)

A

1) location of parts of the body on the cortex is the hornuculus
2) size of an area is related to the number of receptors
3) perception provides knowledge of the stimulus and its location

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8
Q

where is the taste area in the cerebral cortex?

A

in the insula lobe

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9
Q

where are the primary olfactory areas in the cerebral cortex?

A

in the medial temporal lobe

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10
Q

where is the primary visual cortex in the cerebral cortex?

A

the occipital lobe

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11
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex in the cerebral cortex?

A

in the temporal lobe

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12
Q

where does sensory processing occur?

A

in nearby association areas (evaluation and recognition)

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13
Q

what does the control of skeletal muscles by the motor system produce?

A

voluntary movements

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14
Q

what do voluntary movements use?

A

upper motor neurons

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15
Q

what do voluntary movements use upper motor neurons to control?

A

the lower motor neurons which control skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what does the primary motor cortex and nearby areas contain?

A

upper motor neurons that form the homonculus

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17
Q

what does the area size in primary motor cortex reflect?

A

motor unit size

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18
Q

what is the pre motor area?

A

where motor functions are planned and organized before the upper motor neurons are stimulated

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19
Q

what does the prefrontal area provide?

A

the motivation and foresight for movements

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20
Q

where are motor pathways located?

A

they descend from the primary motor cortex to the brainstem or spinal cord

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21
Q

what does the motor pathways descend from the primary motor cortex to the brainstem or spinal cord for?

A

to control skeletal muscle

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22
Q

what are motor pathways named for?

A

their origin and termination

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23
Q

what does the motor pathway, direct (pyramidal) pathway control?

A

muscle tone and precise movements

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24
Q

what does motor pathway, indirect (extrapyramidal) pathways provide?

A

less control of movements are involved with body coordination and posutre

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25
Q

in direct pathways what do upper motor neurons synapse on?

A

lower motor neurons

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26
Q

what does the direct pathway, cotricospinal tract control?

A

muscle below the head

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27
Q

what does the direct pathway, corticobulbar tract control?

A

muscles in the head and neck

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28
Q

in the corticobulbar tract where do the upper motor neurons synapse?

A

in cranial nerve motor nuclei

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29
Q

in direct pathways where do most of the upper motor axons cross over?

A

in the pyramids

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30
Q

in direct pathways, where do the upper motor axons that cross over synapse?

A

on interneurons and lower motor neurons

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31
Q

in direct pathways where do upper motor axons that don’t cross over travel?

A

down the anterior corticospinal tract

32
Q

in direct pathways where do upper motor axons that don’t cross over after traveling down the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

in the spinal cord before synapsing with interneuorons and lower motor neurons

33
Q

where do upper motor neurons of indirect pathways synapse?

A

in an intermediate nucleus in the brainstem with many internconnections and feedback loops

34
Q

where do neurons of the rubrospinal tract begin? (indirect pathway)

A

in the red nucleus

35
Q

what does the rubrospinal tract (indirect pathway) control?

A

fine motor movements of the distal upper limb

36
Q

where does the reticulospinal tract (indirect pathway) begin?

A

in the reticular formation

37
Q

what does the reticulospinal tract (indirect pathway) function to do?

A

maintain posture and balance

38
Q

how does the reticulospinal tract maintain posture and balance?

A

by controlling the trunk and proximal limb muscles

39
Q

where does the vestibulospinal tract (indirect pathway) begin?

A

in the vestibular nuclei

40
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

provide control to maintain upright posture and balance

41
Q

where is the rubrospinal tract located?

A

beetween the diencephalon and midbrain

42
Q

what are the tracts of indirect pathways? (4) (RVRT)

A

1) rubrospinal
2) vesitbulospinal
3) reticulospinal
4) tectospinal

43
Q

what is an example of movements controlled by the rubrospinal tract?

A

positioning of the digits and the palm of the hand when reaching to grasp

44
Q

what is an example of a movement controlled by the vestibulospinal tract?

A

extension of the upper limb when falling

45
Q

what is an example of a movement controlled by the reticulospinal tract?

A

maintenance of posture when standing on one foot

46
Q

where does the indirect pathway, tectospinal tract begin?

A

at the superior colliculi

47
Q

what does the tectospinal tract control?

A

reflex movements of the head and eyes to visual, tactile and auditory stimuli

48
Q

what is an example of a movement controlled by the tactospinal tract?

A

movement of the head and neck away from a sudden flash or light

49
Q

what do basal nuclei do?

A

organize and help start voluntary movements

50
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

helps maintain muscle tone, control balance and adjusts movements to match intention

51
Q

what type of circuits do basal nuclei produce?

A

some stimulatory and other inhibitory

52
Q

what does the basal nuclei stimulatory circuits facilitate?

A

muscle activity especially at the beginning of voluntary movement (rising from a sitting position or beginning to walk)

53
Q

what does the basal nuclei inhibitory circuits facilitate?

A

the actions of the stimulatory circuits

54
Q

how do the inhibitory circuits of basal nuclei facilitate the actions of stimulatory circuits?

A

by inhibiting muscle activity in antagonist muscles

55
Q

what else does inhibitory circuits of basal nuclei do?

A

decrease muscle tone when the body, limbs and head are at rest

56
Q

what do disorders of basal nuclei result in?

A

increased muscle tone and exaggerated, uncontrolled movements when at rest

57
Q

what is a significant feature of some basal nuclei disorders?

A

a resting tremor

58
Q

what are examples of basal nuclei disorders?

A

parkinsons and cerebral palsy

59
Q

what are the 3 functional parts of the cerebellum? (VPC)

A

1) vestibulocerebellum
2) spinocerebellum
3) cerebrocerebellum

60
Q

what does cerebellum dysfunction result in? (4) (DBTI) (4) (DBTI)

A

1) decreased muscle tone
2) balance impairment
3) a tendency to overshoot when reaching for or touching an object
4) intention tremor (shaking in hands while attempting to perform a task)

61
Q

though the cerebellum and basal nuclei both control motor function what differs about them?

A

they have opposite effects and exhibit opposite symptoms when injured (resting tremor vs. intention tremor)

62
Q

what does the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brainstem regulate?

A

the brain’s level of consciousness

63
Q

what do brainstem nuclei control?

A

many reflexes (eyes, chewing, pupil diameter etc.)

64
Q

what can depress or stimulate the RAS?

A

certain drugs

65
Q

what drugs depress the RAS?

A

general anesthetics and many traquilizers

66
Q

what stimulates the trigeminal nerve endings of the nose?

A

ammonia (smelling salts) and other irritants

67
Q

what is a result of the stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings of nose by ammonia or other irritants?

A

action potentials travel to the reticular formation and the cerebral cortex to arouse an unconscious patient

68
Q

what does the sensory (wernicke) speech area work to do?

A

understand and formulate speech

69
Q

what does the motor (broca) speech area control?

A

the movements to make speech

70
Q

what is memory?

A

the ability to store information for future use

71
Q

what does working memory store?

A

bits of information for immediate use

72
Q

what does short-term memory store?

A

information for minutes to days

73
Q

how does short-term memory occur?

A

by long-term potentiation that facilitates the production of action potentials

74
Q

what does long-term memory store?

A

information for a long time

75
Q

how does long-term memory occur?

A

by consolidation in which new synaptic connections are formed

76
Q

where are memories stored?

A

piecemeal in appropriate cerebral regions

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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