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Year 1 Cell Biology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What gives rise to the primary (lobular) bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchi

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2
Q

The terminal bronchi gives rise to which segment of bronchioles?

A

Primary (lobular) bronchioles

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3
Q

What provides respiratory supply to a secondary pulmonary lobule?

A

A primary (lobular) bronchiole and its terminal bronchiolar branches

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4
Q

What is supplied by a primary (lobular) bronchiole and its terminal bronchiolar branches?

A

Secondary pulmonary lobule

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5
Q

Where is anthracotic pigment found?

A

Outlines secondary pulmonary lobules

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6
Q

What provides respiratory supply to a pulmonary acinus?

A

Terminal bronchiole and its respiratory bronchiolar branches

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7
Q

What is supplied by the terminal bronchiole and its respiratory bronchiolar branches?

A

Pulmonary acinus

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8
Q

What supplies a respiratory bronchiolar unit (primary pulmonary lobule)?

A

Each respiratory bronchiole

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9
Q

What does each respiratory bronchiole supply?

A

Respiratory bronchiolar unit (primary pulmonary lobule)

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10
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the olfactory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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11
Q

What underlies the basal lamina of the nasal mucosa?

A

Lamina propria

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12
Q

What are the cellular residents of the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells2. Sustentacular (supporting) cells3. Brush cells4. Basal cells
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory receptor cells?

A
  1. Bipolar neurons2. Single dendrites project toward apical surface of epithelium 3. Basal axon enters lamina propria to be sheathed by non-myelinating Schwann cells
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the sustentacular cells?

A
  1. Columnar with apical microvilli to form striated border2. Nourish and insulate olfactory cells 3. Contain lipofuscin granules
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the brush cells?

A
  1. Basal domain in synaptic contact with branches of CN V2. Apical domain - microvilli
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the basal cells?

A
  1. Short, pyramidal cells anchored to basal lamina but do not reach apical surface2. Regenerative stem cells - proliferate to mature into any of the other cell types
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17
Q

What is contained in the lamina propria layer of nasal mucosa?

A
  1. Bowman’s glands2. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and bundles3. Swell bodies
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18
Q

What is contained in Bowman’s glands?

A

Serous product containing odorant-binding protein

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19
Q

What is the ‘respiratory epithelium’ of the larynx?

A

Ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

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20
Q

Where is the respiratory epithelium non-keratinized, stratified squamous?

A
  1. Vocal folds2. Anterior surface of epiglottis3. Exterior laryngeal surfaces
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21
Q

The vocal folds, anterior surface of epiglottis, and exterior laryngeal surfaces are covered by what type of epithelium?

A

Non-keratinized, stratified squamous

22
Q

What keeps the epithelium lining the vocal folds moist?

A

Secretions from the seromucous glands in the saccules

23
Q

In which layer is the vocal ligament found?

A

Lamina propria

24
Q

What is Reinke’s space?

A

The part of the lamina propria lying between the basal lamina and the vocal ligament

25
Q

The trachea and primary bronchus consist of what layers?

A
  1. Mucosa2. Submucosa with glands3. Cartilage (and trachealis)4. Adventitia
26
Q

Which respiratory segment walls contain mucosa, submucosa with glands, cartilage, and adventitia?

A

Trachea and primary bronchus

27
Q

The intrapulmonary bronchi consist of what layers?

A
  1. Mucosa2. Muscularis3. Submucosa with glands4. Cartilage5. Adventitia
28
Q

Which respiratory segment walls contain mucosa, muscularis, submucosa with glands, cartilage, and adventitia?

A

Intrapulmonary bronchi

29
Q

The bronchioles consist of what layers?

A
  1. Mucosa2. Muscularis3. Fibroelastic CT
30
Q

Which respiratory segment walls contain mucosa, muscularis, and fibroelastic CT?

A

Brochioles

31
Q

What are the drivers of mucociliary clearance?

A

Ciliated columnar cells

32
Q

Where are ciliated columar cells found?

A

Mucosa of trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

33
Q

Which cells of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi are most numerous in fetal lung, decrease substantially after birth, and proliferate in certain diseases of the pulmonary system?

A

Neuroendocrine cells of Kulchitsky

34
Q

Where are seromucous glands found?

A

Submucosa of trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

35
Q

What is the role of seromucous glands?

A

Secreting mucins, bacteriostatic substances lactoferrin and lysozyme, IgA (via plasma cells), and protease inhibitors

36
Q

What kind of remodeling occurs in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles during asthma?

A
  1. Basal lamina becomes thicker2. Edema and inflammation; numerous leukocytes3. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of submucosal glands; goblet cells are more numerous4. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
37
Q

Where are club cells found?

A

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles

38
Q

What is the function of club cells?

A
  1. Secrete surfactant (different from that of type 2 alveolar cells)2. Produce CC16
39
Q

What is the function of CC16 protein?

A
  1. Anti-oxidant / anti-inflammatory molecule 2. Regulates chloride ion transport3. Divide to replace bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells
40
Q

What happens to CC16 levels following bronchiolar damage?

A

Increased in blood and decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

41
Q

Are glands present in the lamina propria of bronchioles?

A

No

42
Q

Which layers are absent in bronchioles?

A
  1. Submucosa2. Submucosal glands3. Cartilage
43
Q

What are the characteristics of type I alveolar cells?

A
  1. 40% of epithelial cell population but line 90% of alveolar surface2. Attenuated simple squamous for gas exchange3. Connected via tight junctions4. Not capable of cell division
44
Q

What are the characteristics of type II alveolar cells?

A
  1. More numerous that type I2. 60% of cell population but line
45
Q

What are the characteristics of surfactant?

A

Continuously produced by type II alveolar cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis

46
Q

What is an important inducer of surfactant synthesis?

A

Cortisol

47
Q

What inhibits corticosteroids?

A

Insulin

48
Q

Insulinemia in fetuses of diabetic mothers can lead to what condition?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

49
Q

What are the heart failure cells?

A

Alveolar macrophages

50
Q

What is the interalveolar septum?

A
  1. Space between adjacent alveolar epithelia2. Contains continuous capillaries, or in wider areas type III collage and elastic fibers
51
Q

What makes up the blood-gas barrier?

A
  1. Type I pneumocytes with adluminal surfactant2. Fused basal laminae of type I pneumocyte and continuous capillaries3. Endothelial cells of continuous capillaries

Year 1 Cell Biology (40 decks)

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