Endocrine glands I

Question 1

Which pituitary lobe is neural?

Answer 1

Posterior

Question 2

Which pituitary lobe is glandular?

Answer 2

Anterior

Question 3

What are the anterior pituitary secretory cells?

Answer 3

1. Chromophils2. Chromophobes

Question 4

Where are the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones synthesized?

Answer 4

Neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 5

Where are the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones stored?

Answer 5

Axons of neurons in hypothalamus, which terminate at median eminence

Question 6

What is the direction of flow of hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones after being released at median eminence?

Answer 6

1. Primary capillary plexus (fenestrated capillaries)2. Hypophyseal portal veins in infundibulum3. Secondary capillary plexus (sinusoidal with fenestrated endothelium - anterior lobe)4. Parenchyma of anterior lobe

Question 7

What are housed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

Cell bodies of neurosecretory cells

Question 8

Where are the cell bodies of neurosecretory cells housed?

Answer 8

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 9

What makes up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

Answer 9

The unmyelinated axons of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 10

Where does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract terminate?

Answer 10

Capillaries in the posterior lobe of pituitary

Question 11

What does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract release into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

ADH and oxytocin

Question 12

The anterior pituitary has what kind of capillaries?

Answer 12

Fenestrated sinudoidal

Question 13

What are the chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 13

1. Acidophils2. Basophils

Question 14

What are the different types of acidophils?

Answer 14

1. Somatotropes2. Lactotropes

Question 15

What stimulates somatotrope production?

Answer 15

GHRH

Question 16

What inhibits somatotropes?

Answer 16

Somatostatin

Question 17

What do somatotropes secrete?

Answer 17

Growth hormone

Question 18

What is the role of growth hormone?

Answer 18

Increases metabolic rate and influences long bone growth

Question 19

What stimulates lactotrope production?

Answer 19

PRH

Question 20

What inhibits lactotropes?

Answer 20

PIF

Question 21

What do lactotropes secrete?

Answer 21

Prolactin which promotes mamary gland growth during pregnancy and lactation after birth

Question 22

What are the types of basophils?

Answer 22

1. Corticotropes2. Thyrotropes3. Gonadotropes

Question 23

What stimulates corticotrope production?

Answer 23

CRH

Question 24

What do corticotropes secrete?

Answer 24

ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex

Question 25

What stimulates thyrotrope production?

Answer 25

TRH

Question 26

What do thyrotropes secrete?

Answer 26

TSH (thyrotropin)

Question 27

What inhibits thyrotropes?

Answer 27

T3 and T4 in blood

Question 28

What stimulates gonadotrope production?

Answer 28

GnRH

Question 29

What do gonadotropes secrete?

Answer 29

FSH and LH which function in male and female reproduction

Question 30

What are chromophobes?

Answer 30

May be degranulated chromophils

Question 31

What are Herring bodies?

Answer 31

Accumulations of neurosecretory granules int he axons and axon terminals of the hypothalamohyophyseal tract

Question 32

Where are Herring bodies released?

Answer 32

Fenestrated capillary plexus

Question 33

What is contained in Herring bodies?

Answer 33

Either ADH or oxytocin

Question 34

What is the target of ADH?

Answer 34

Distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidney

Question 35

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 35

Lower urine volume

Question 36

What is the target of oxytocin?

Answer 36

Uterine myometrium and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland

Question 37

What is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 37

Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus and mammary gland

Question 38

Where are pituicytes located?

Answer 38

Posterior lobe of pituitary

Question 39

What are pituicytes?

Answer 39

Glia-like local cells that cover and support axons and their terminals

Question 40

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by damage to what endocrine system components?

Answer 40

Hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

Question 41

What is the derivation of the thyroid capsule?

Answer 41

Deep cervical fascia

Question 42

What kind of CT makes up the thyroid capsule?

Answer 42

Dense irregular collagenous

Question 43

What hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland?

Answer 43

1. T32. T43. Calcitonin

Question 44

What is the structural and functional unit of the thyroid gland?

Answer 44

Follicle

Question 45

From low to high activity, what kind of epithelium is found in the follicle?

Answer 45

1. Simple squamous2. Simple cuboidal3. Simple columnar

Question 46

What surround the thyroid follicle?

Answer 46

1. Basal lamina2. Reticular fibers3. Fenestrated capillary plexus

Question 47

What is the difference between the thyroid follicle and the functional units of other endocrine glands?

Answer 47

The follicle stores glandular secretory product in the lumen (extracellularly) as opposed to accumulating it in the parenchyma

Question 48

What are contained in the secretory granules of parafollicular cells?

Answer 48

Calcitonin

Question 49

What are the characteristics of calcitonin?

Answer 49

1. Peptide hormone2. Released when blood calcium levels are high3. Inhibits bone breakdown by osteoclasts4. Promotes calcium deposition in bones (osteoid calcification)

Question 50

What is contained in the follicular lumen?

Answer 50

Colloid

Question 51

What comprises colloid?

Answer 51

Thyroglobulin

Question 52

Where is thyroglobulin synthesized?

Answer 52

Follicular cells (rER)

Question 53

Where is iodide oxidized in the follicular cells?

Answer 53

Apical cell membrane facing colloid. Iodine is active form and stored in lumen

Question 54

Where is thyroglobulin glycosylated?

Answer 54

Golgi

Question 55

What enzyme oxidizes iodide?

Answer 55

Thyroid peroxidase

Question 56

What enzyme carries out the iodination of thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues?

Answer 56

Thyroid peroxidase - where luminal aspect of follicular cell contacts the colloid

Question 57

Are thyroid hormone active or inactive in the blood stream?

Answer 57

Inactive

Question 58

How is most of the T3 synthesized?

Answer 58

From T4, in kidney, liver, and heart

Question 59

What are the physiological effects of T3 and T4?

Answer 59

1. Increase cellular metabolism, growth rate, mental activity2. Stimulate endocrine gland functions and carbohydrate metabolism3. Decrease formation of phospholipids and triglycerides4. Enhance synthesis of cholesterol5. Increase formation of fatty acids