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Year 1 Cell Biology > Endocrine glands I > Flashcards

Endocrine glands I Flashcards

1
Q

Which pituitary lobe is neural?

A

Posterior

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2
Q

Which pituitary lobe is glandular?

A

Anterior

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3
Q

What are the anterior pituitary secretory cells?

A
  1. Chromophils2. Chromophobes
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4
Q

Where are the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones synthesized?

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus

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5
Q

Where are the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones stored?

A

Axons of neurons in hypothalamus, which terminate at median eminence

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6
Q

What is the direction of flow of hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones after being released at median eminence?

A
  1. Primary capillary plexus (fenestrated capillaries)2. Hypophyseal portal veins in infundibulum3. Secondary capillary plexus (sinusoidal with fenestrated endothelium - anterior lobe)4. Parenchyma of anterior lobe
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7
Q

What are housed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

Cell bodies of neurosecretory cells

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of neurosecretory cells housed?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

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9
Q

What makes up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

A

The unmyelinated axons of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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10
Q

Where does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract terminate?

A

Capillaries in the posterior lobe of pituitary

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract release into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary has what kind of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated sinudoidal

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13
Q

What are the chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Acidophils2. Basophils
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14
Q

What are the different types of acidophils?

A
  1. Somatotropes2. Lactotropes
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15
Q

What stimulates somatotrope production?

A

GHRH

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16
Q

What inhibits somatotropes?

A

Somatostatin

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17
Q

What do somatotropes secrete?

A

Growth hormone

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18
Q

What is the role of growth hormone?

A

Increases metabolic rate and influences long bone growth

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19
Q

What stimulates lactotrope production?

A

PRH

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20
Q

What inhibits lactotropes?

A

PIF

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21
Q

What do lactotropes secrete?

A

Prolactin which promotes mamary gland growth during pregnancy and lactation after birth

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22
Q

What are the types of basophils?

A
  1. Corticotropes2. Thyrotropes3. Gonadotropes
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23
Q

What stimulates corticotrope production?

A

CRH

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24
Q

What do corticotropes secrete?

A

ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex

25
Q

What stimulates thyrotrope production?

26
Q

What do thyrotropes secrete?

A

TSH (thyrotropin)

27
Q

What inhibits thyrotropes?

A

T3 and T4 in blood

28
Q

What stimulates gonadotrope production?

29
Q

What do gonadotropes secrete?

A

FSH and LH which function in male and female reproduction

30
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

May be degranulated chromophils

31
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Accumulations of neurosecretory granules int he axons and axon terminals of the hypothalamohyophyseal tract

32
Q

Where are Herring bodies released?

A

Fenestrated capillary plexus

33
Q

What is contained in Herring bodies?

A

Either ADH or oxytocin

34
Q

What is the target of ADH?

A

Distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidney

35
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Lower urine volume

36
Q

What is the target of oxytocin?

A

Uterine myometrium and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland

37
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus and mammary gland

38
Q

Where are pituicytes located?

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary

39
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Glia-like local cells that cover and support axons and their terminals

40
Q

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by damage to what endocrine system components?

A

Hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

41
Q

What is the derivation of the thyroid capsule?

A

Deep cervical fascia

42
Q

What kind of CT makes up the thyroid capsule?

A

Dense irregular collagenous

43
Q

What hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland?

A
  1. T32. T43. Calcitonin
44
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the thyroid gland?

45
Q

From low to high activity, what kind of epithelium is found in the follicle?

A
  1. Simple squamous2. Simple cuboidal3. Simple columnar
46
Q

What surround the thyroid follicle?

A
  1. Basal lamina2. Reticular fibers3. Fenestrated capillary plexus
47
Q

What is the difference between the thyroid follicle and the functional units of other endocrine glands?

A

The follicle stores glandular secretory product in the lumen (extracellularly) as opposed to accumulating it in the parenchyma

48
Q

What are contained in the secretory granules of parafollicular cells?

A

Calcitonin

49
Q

What are the characteristics of calcitonin?

A
  1. Peptide hormone2. Released when blood calcium levels are high3. Inhibits bone breakdown by osteoclasts4. Promotes calcium deposition in bones (osteoid calcification)
50
Q

What is contained in the follicular lumen?

51
Q

What comprises colloid?

A

Thyroglobulin

52
Q

Where is thyroglobulin synthesized?

A

Follicular cells (rER)

53
Q

Where is iodide oxidized in the follicular cells?

A

Apical cell membrane facing colloid. Iodine is active form and stored in lumen

54
Q

Where is thyroglobulin glycosylated?

55
Q

What enzyme oxidizes iodide?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

56
Q

What enzyme carries out the iodination of thyroglobulin’s tyrosine residues?

A

Thyroid peroxidase - where luminal aspect of follicular cell contacts the colloid

57
Q

Are thyroid hormone active or inactive in the blood stream?

58
Q

How is most of the T3 synthesized?

A

From T4, in kidney, liver, and heart

59
Q

What are the physiological effects of T3 and T4?

A
  1. Increase cellular metabolism, growth rate, mental activity2. Stimulate endocrine gland functions and carbohydrate metabolism3. Decrease formation of phospholipids and triglycerides4. Enhance synthesis of cholesterol5. Increase formation of fatty acids

Year 1 Cell Biology (40 decks)

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