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Year 1 Cell Biology > Peripheral blood > Flashcards

Peripheral blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus the fibrinogen

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2
Q

What imparts the yellow color to plasma?

A

Bilirubin

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3
Q

Loss of albumin leads to what condition?

A

Edema

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4
Q

Gamma globulins are synthesized by what cell?

A

Plasma cell

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5
Q

What are the clotting factors?

A
  1. Prothrombin2. Fibrinogen3. Accelerator globulin (Factor VII)
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6
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Elevated RBC levels

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7
Q

What are the major transmembrane proteins in RBCs?

A

Glycophorin and Band 3

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8
Q

What is the function of the Band 3 RBC transmembrane protein?

A

Transports HCO3- and Cl- across plasma membrane in order to increase the amount of CO2 in the blood

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9
Q

Band 4.1 is associated with what components of the RBC plasma membrane scaffold?

A
  1. Glycophorin2. Actin3. Spectrin
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10
Q

Band 4.2 is associated with what components of the RBC plasma membrane scaffold?

A
  1. Band 32. Ankyrin3. Spectrin
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11
Q

What protein promotes actin-spectrin association?

A

Adducin

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12
Q

What is the function of adducin?

A

Promotes actin-spectrin association

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13
Q

A mutation in band 3, ankyrin, spectrin, or band 4.2 lead to what condition?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis - spherical RBCs

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14
Q

A mutations in glycophorin, spectrin, or protein 4.1 lead to what condition?

A

Elliptocytosis - elliptical RBCs

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15
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis results from a mutation in any of which proteins?

A

Band 3, ankyrin, spectrin, band 4.2

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16
Q

Elliptocytosis results from a mutation in any of which proteins?

A

Glycophorin, spectrin, protein 4.1

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17
Q

What antigens are responsible for the malaria toxin?

A

Duffy system antigens

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18
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Small basophilic nuclear fragments in the cytoplasm of RBCs

19
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in which conditions?

A
  1. Severe hemolytic anemia2. Dysfunctional spleens3. Post-splenectomy
20
Q

Which RBC inclusions are seen in severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, and following a splenectomy?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

21
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Inclusions of damaged Hb

22
Q

How are bite cells formed?

A

Macrophages take a chunk out of an RBC that has a Heinz body in it

23
Q

What is the immediate precursor to the RBC?

A

Reticulocyte

24
Q

What is indicated by an increase in reticulocyte values?

A

Body has an increased demand for oxygen that is not being met (e.g. hemorrhage, altitude)

25
Which granulocyte is associated with bacterial infections?
Neutrophil
26
What is the immediate precursor to neutrophils?
Band cell
27
What is indicated by a left shift with respect to band cells / neutrophils?
Acute bacterial infection
28
What are represented by azurophilic granules?
Lysosomes
29
What is the function of the enzymes located in tertiary granules?
Degradation of ECM and basal lamina to facilitate neutrophil migration into tissue
30
What is a Dohle body?
Represents dilated rER - seen in infections and some other conditions
31
What is the nuclear appearance of eosinophils?
Bilobular
32
Eosinophils are specialized at destroying what type of insult?
Parasitic infection
33
What is the nuclear appearance of basophils?
S-shaped, obscured by dark stained basophilic cytoplasm
34
Which enzymes are contained within the specific granules of basophils?
Histamine, heparin, eosinophilic and chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor, peroxidase
35
Do agranulocytes contain azurophilic granules?
Yes
36
What are the agranulocytes?
1. Lymphocytes2. Monocytes
37
What are the cellular characteristics of lymphocytes?
1. Small - roughly same size as RBCs2. Narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm with numerous ribosomes3. Prominent nucleus
38
What are the cellular characteristics of monocytes?
1. Large2. Large kidney shaped nucleus3. Blue-gray cytoplasm4. Numerous azurophilic granules5. Migrate into tissues to become macrophages
39
What are the four zones of platelets?
1. Peripheral2. Structural3. Membrane4. Organelle
40
What constitutes the peripheral zone of RBCs?
Plasma membrane and glycocalyx
41
What constitutes the structural zone of RBCs?
Microtubules, actin, and myosin monomers (maintains shape)
42
What constitutes the membrane zone of RBCs?
Open canalicular system and dense tubular system
43
What constitutes the organelle zone of RBCs?
1. Mitochondria2. Glycogen granules3. Peroxisomes4. Three granule types - lambda, alpha, delta (lysosomes)

Year 1 Cell Biology (40 decks)

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