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Year 1 Cell Biology > Peripheral blood > Flashcards

Peripheral blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus the fibrinogen

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2
Q

What imparts the yellow color to plasma?

A

Bilirubin

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3
Q

Loss of albumin leads to what condition?

A

Edema

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4
Q

Gamma globulins are synthesized by what cell?

A

Plasma cell

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5
Q

What are the clotting factors?

A
  1. Prothrombin2. Fibrinogen3. Accelerator globulin (Factor VII)
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6
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Elevated RBC levels

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7
Q

What are the major transmembrane proteins in RBCs?

A

Glycophorin and Band 3

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8
Q

What is the function of the Band 3 RBC transmembrane protein?

A

Transports HCO3- and Cl- across plasma membrane in order to increase the amount of CO2 in the blood

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9
Q

Band 4.1 is associated with what components of the RBC plasma membrane scaffold?

A
  1. Glycophorin2. Actin3. Spectrin
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10
Q

Band 4.2 is associated with what components of the RBC plasma membrane scaffold?

A
  1. Band 32. Ankyrin3. Spectrin
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11
Q

What protein promotes actin-spectrin association?

A

Adducin

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12
Q

What is the function of adducin?

A

Promotes actin-spectrin association

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13
Q

A mutation in band 3, ankyrin, spectrin, or band 4.2 lead to what condition?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis - spherical RBCs

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14
Q

A mutations in glycophorin, spectrin, or protein 4.1 lead to what condition?

A

Elliptocytosis - elliptical RBCs

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15
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis results from a mutation in any of which proteins?

A

Band 3, ankyrin, spectrin, band 4.2

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16
Q

Elliptocytosis results from a mutation in any of which proteins?

A

Glycophorin, spectrin, protein 4.1

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17
Q

What antigens are responsible for the malaria toxin?

A

Duffy system antigens

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18
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Small basophilic nuclear fragments in the cytoplasm of RBCs

19
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in which conditions?

A
  1. Severe hemolytic anemia2. Dysfunctional spleens3. Post-splenectomy
20
Q

Which RBC inclusions are seen in severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, and following a splenectomy?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

21
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Inclusions of damaged Hb

22
Q

How are bite cells formed?

A

Macrophages take a chunk out of an RBC that has a Heinz body in it

23
Q

What is the immediate precursor to the RBC?

A

Reticulocyte

24
Q

What is indicated by an increase in reticulocyte values?

A

Body has an increased demand for oxygen that is not being met (e.g. hemorrhage, altitude)

25
Q

Which granulocyte is associated with bacterial infections?

A

Neutrophil

26
Q

What is the immediate precursor to neutrophils?

A

Band cell

27
Q

What is indicated by a left shift with respect to band cells / neutrophils?

A

Acute bacterial infection

28
Q

What are represented by azurophilic granules?

A

Lysosomes

29
Q

What is the function of the enzymes located in tertiary granules?

A

Degradation of ECM and basal lamina to facilitate neutrophil migration into tissue

30
Q

What is a Dohle body?

A

Represents dilated rER - seen in infections and some other conditions

31
Q

What is the nuclear appearance of eosinophils?

A

Bilobular

32
Q

Eosinophils are specialized at destroying what type of insult?

A

Parasitic infection

33
Q

What is the nuclear appearance of basophils?

A

S-shaped, obscured by dark stained basophilic cytoplasm

34
Q

Which enzymes are contained within the specific granules of basophils?

A

Histamine, heparin, eosinophilic and chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor, peroxidase

35
Q

Do agranulocytes contain azurophilic granules?

A

Yes

36
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocytes2. Monocytes
37
Q

What are the cellular characteristics of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Small - roughly same size as RBCs2. Narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm with numerous ribosomes3. Prominent nucleus
38
Q

What are the cellular characteristics of monocytes?

A
  1. Large2. Large kidney shaped nucleus3. Blue-gray cytoplasm4. Numerous azurophilic granules5. Migrate into tissues to become macrophages
39
Q

What are the four zones of platelets?

A
  1. Peripheral2. Structural3. Membrane4. Organelle
40
Q

What constitutes the peripheral zone of RBCs?

A

Plasma membrane and glycocalyx

41
Q

What constitutes the structural zone of RBCs?

A

Microtubules, actin, and myosin monomers (maintains shape)

42
Q

What constitutes the membrane zone of RBCs?

A

Open canalicular system and dense tubular system

43
Q

What constitutes the organelle zone of RBCs?

A
  1. Mitochondria2. Glycogen granules3. Peroxisomes4. Three granule types - lambda, alpha, delta (lysosomes)

Year 1 Cell Biology (40 decks)

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