Integument

Question 1

What constitutes the integumentary system?

Answer 1

1. Skin2. Sweat glands3. Sebaceous glands4. Hair5. Nails

Question 2

What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

Answer 2

Stratified squamous keratinized

Question 3

What type of epithelium makes up the dermis?

Answer 3

1. Loose CT2. Dense irregular collagenous CT

Question 4

What layer of skin is injured in superficial burns?

Answer 4

Epidermis

Question 5

What are the nonkeratinocytes?

Answer 5

1. Langerhans cells2. Merkel cells3. Melanocytes

Question 6

What is the primary function of Langerhans cells?

Answer 6

Defense

Question 7

What is the precursor of Langerhans cells?

Answer 7

Bone marrow

Question 8

Where are Langerhans cells mainly located?

Answer 8

Stratum spinosum

Question 9

Which cell type is responsible for antigen presentation in the skin?

Answer 9

Langerhans cells

Question 10

Birbeck granules are unique to what type of cell?

Answer 10

Langerhans cell

Question 11

What is the main function of Merkel cells?

Answer 11

Mechanoreceptor

Question 12

Where are Merkel cells mainly located?

Answer 12

Stratum basale (many in fingertips and base of hair follicles)

Question 13

How are Merkel cells attaced to keratinocytes?

Answer 13

Desmosomes

Question 14

The Merkel cell - neurite complex is responsible for what sensation?

Answer 14

Discriminative touch - picking up fine detailed sensory information such as shape and texture

Question 15

What is the main function of melanocytes?

Answer 15

Protection from UV radiation

Question 16

What is the precursor of melanocytes?

Answer 16

Neural crest

Question 17

Bone marrow is the origin for what nonkeratinized cell of the epidermis?

Answer 17

Langerhans cells

Question 18

Neural crest is the origin for what nonkeratinized cell of the epidermis?

Answer 18

Melanocytes

Question 19

What pigment do melanocytes synthesize?

Answer 19

Melanin

Question 20

Where are melanocytes mainly found?

Answer 20

Stratum basale and superficial dermis

Question 21

What nonkeratinized cell type of the epidermis is found in the stratum basale and superficial dermis?

Answer 21

Melanocytes

Question 22

What nonkeratinized cell type of the epidermis is found in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 22

Langerhans cells

Question 23

What nonkeratinized cell type of the epidermis is found in the stratum basale?

Answer 23

Merkel cells

Question 24

The cytoplasmic processes of melanocytes project into what layer of the epidermis?

Answer 24

Stratum spinosum

Question 25

Where is tyrosinase synthesized?

Answer 25

rER

Question 26

When is tyrosinase incorporated into melanosomes?

Answer 26

After Golgi processing

Question 27

When and where is tyrosine converted to melanin?

Answer 27

In the melanosome, post-Golgi

Question 28

What contributes to level of pigmentation in different races / people?

Answer 28

1. Tyrosinase activity2. Number of melanin granules3. Size of melanin granules4. Distribution of melanin5. Rate of melanin breakdown

Question 29

From superficial to basal, what are the strata of THICK skin?

Answer 29

1. Stratum corneum2. Stratum lucidum3. Stratum granulosum4. Stratum spinosum5. Stratum basale (germinativum)

Question 30

What is the general function of the stratum corneum?

Answer 30

Protection

Question 31

What are characteristics of the stratum corneum?

Answer 31

1. Flattened, dessicated, keratinized, dead cells2. No nuclei or organelles3. Keratin filaments and amorphous matrix4. No desmosomes - desquamate

Question 32

What is the general function of the stratum lucidum?

Answer 32

Protection

Question 33

What are characteristics of the stratum lucidum?

Answer 33

1. Sublayer of stratum corneum2. Perceptible in thick skin3. No organelles of nuclei4. Keratin filaments

Question 34

What is the general function of the stratum granulosum?

Answer 34

Waterproofing

Question 35

What are characteristics of the stratum granulosum?

Answer 35

1. Nucleated - apoptotic nuclear morphology2. Keratohyalin granules3. Membrane-coated granules

Question 36

In which layer of epidermis are membrane-coated granules found?

Answer 36

Stratum granulosum

Question 37

In which layer of epidermis are keratohyalin granules found?

Answer 37

Stratum granulosum

Question 38

What is contained within the membrane-coated granules of the stratum granulosum?

Answer 38

Lipid

Question 39

What is the general function of the stratum spinosum?

Answer 39

Binding, protection

Question 40

What are characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

Answer 40

1. Interdigitating processes (intercellular bridges)2. Bundles of intermediate filaments (tonofilaments - cytokeratin)3. Membrane-coating granules4. Mitosis in basal layer5. Langerhans cells

Question 41

What is the general function of the stratum basale?

Answer 41

Cell renewal, anchor epidermis to basement membrane

Question 42

What are characteristics of the stratum basale?

Answer 42

1. Single layer of cells2. Desmosomes laterally, hemidesmosomes basally3. Most intense mitotic activity

Question 43

What are the strata of THIN skin?

Answer 43

1. Stratum corneum2. Stratum spinosum3. Stratum basale

Question 44

What is the "glue" of the basement membrane holding the epidermis to the dermis?

Answer 44

Carbohydrates

Question 45

What is the "anchor" of the basement membrane holding the epidermis to the dermis?

Answer 45

Collagen fibers

Question 46

Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to the dermis?

Answer 46

Mesoderm

Question 47

Structure and strength of the dermis is provided via what protein?

Answer 47

Collagen

Question 48

What feature of the dermis - epidermis layer is responsible for fingerprints?

Answer 48

Dermal ridges

Question 49

What are the layers of the dermis?

Answer 49

1. Papillary 2. Reticular

Question 50

The papillary layer of the dermis contains what types of connective tissue fibers?

Answer 50

1. Type III collagen (reticular)2. Type VII collagen (fibrils to anchor dermis to epidermis)3. Some elastic fibers

Question 51

Partial thickness burns involve what layer of skin?

Answer 51

Dermis

Question 52

The reticular layer of the dermis contains what types of connective tissue fibers?

Answer 52

1. Type I collagen - regular orientation2. Thick elastic fibers

Question 53

In which layer of the dermis are hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands found?

Answer 53

Reticular layer

Question 54

What is the general function of eccrine glands?

Answer 54

Thermoregulation

Question 55

Where are eccrine glands located?

Answer 55

Deep in dermis or hypodermis

Question 56

What type of epithelium makes up the secretory segment of eccrine glands?

Answer 56

Simple cuboidal to low columnar (or pseudostratified)

Question 57

What type of epithelium makes up the duct segment of eccrine glands?

Answer 57

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 58

Where are apocrine glands located?

Answer 58

Deep dermis and hypodermis of axilla, areola, anus, external auditory meatus, eyelids

Question 59

Which glands have myoepithelial cells associated with them?

Answer 59

Eccrine glands

Question 60

What is the secretory method for apocrine glands?

Answer 60

Merocrine

Question 61

Where are sebaceous glands located?

Answer 61

Dermis and hypodermis throughout body, numerous in scalp and face

Question 62

In sebaceous glands, where are the immature cells located?

Answer 62

Periphery

Question 63

What is the secretory method for sebaceous glands?

Answer 63

Holocrine

Question 64

What type of epithelium makes up the duct segment of sebaceous glands?

Answer 64

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 65

Where does nail growth take place?

Answer 65

Nail matrix (root)

Question 66

Where are Merkel cells located?

Answer 66

Stratum basale of epidermis (non partying regions of the skin)