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Year 1 Cell Biology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Pressure applied to bone induces what type of remodeling?

A

Resorption

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2
Q

Tension applied to bone induces what type of remodeling?

A

Deposition

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3
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

Ends of bones

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4
Q

What are the metaphyses?

A

Angulation between epiphysis and diaphysis

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5
Q

What are the diaphyses?

A

Shaft of bone

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6
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

External connective tissue capsule of bone

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7
Q

What layers are present in active (growing) periosteum?

A
  1. Outer fibrous layer2. Inner cellular layer
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8
Q

What layers are present in inactive (mature) periosteum?

A

Only well-developed outer fibrous layer

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9
Q

How is the fibrous layer of periosteum anchored to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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10
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

Bundles of collagenous fibers; anchor fibrous periosteum to bone

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11
Q

In the inner cellular layer of periosteum, what cells are present in a growing bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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12
Q

In the inner cellular layer of periosteum, what cells are present in a non-growing bone?

A

Periosteal cells

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13
Q

Does periosteum cover the bone at articular surfaces?

A

No

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14
Q

Does periosteum cover the bone where tendons attach?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Internal connective tissue capsule of bone

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16
Q

What makes up the endosteum?

A

Thin layer with single row of osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

Endosteum lines what compartments within bone?

A
  1. Bone marrow cavity2. Haversian and Volkman canals3. Spicules and trabeculae
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18
Q

What gives bones their hardness?

A

Inorganic minerals

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19
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone?

A
  1. Hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate)2. Bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, sodium, potassium
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20
Q

What makes up the organic component of bone?

A
  1. Fibers2. Ground substance
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21
Q

What is the function of the organic component of bone?

A

Prevents brittleness

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22
Q

What is the main type of collagen in the organic component of bone?

A

Type I

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23
Q

What are the components of the ground substance in bone?

A
  1. Proteoglycans2. Multiadhesive glycoproteins3. Bone-specific, Vitamin K dependent proteins4. Growth factors and cytokines
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24
Q

What is the function of proteoglycan side chains in the ground substance of bone?

A

Binding growth factors

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25
Q

What binds growth factors in the ground substance of bone?

A

Proteoglycan side chains

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26
Q

What are the multiadhesive glycoproteins in the ground substance of bone?

A
  1. Osteonectin2. Sialoproteins
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27
Q

What is the function of osteonectin?

A

Serves as glue between collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals

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28
Q

What serves as glue between collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals?

A

Osteonectin

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29
Q

What are the sialoproteins?

A
  1. Osteopontin2. Sialoproteins I and II
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30
Q

What is the function of osteopontin?

A

Binds cells to bone matrix

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31
Q

What binds cells to bone matrix?

A

Osteopontin

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32
Q

What are the functions of sialoproteins I and II?

A
  1. Bind cells to bone matrix2. Begins calcium phosphate formation during mineralization
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33
Q

What is an example of a bone-specific, Vitamin K dependent protein?

A

Osteocalcin

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34
Q

What is the function of osteocalcin?

A
  1. Traps calcium from blood2. Stimulates osteoclasts to remodel bone
35
Q

What traps calcium from blood and stimulates osteoclasts to remodel bone?

A

Osteocalcin

36
Q

What are the functions of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs)?

A
  1. Induce mesenchymal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts2. Used following surgery to stimulate bone formation
37
Q

What induces mesenchymal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts?

38
Q

What is used following surgery to stimulate bone formation?

39
Q

What is the term for osteoprogenitor cells located in the inner layer of the mature periosteum?

A

Periosteal cells

40
Q

What is the term for osteoprogenitor cells located in the endosteum?

A

Endosteal cells

41
Q

Can osteoprogenitor cells undergo mitosis?

42
Q

In low oxygen tension, what do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Chondrogenic cells

43
Q

Are osteoprogenitor cells active during bone growth?

44
Q

What is the cell shape for osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal - columnar

45
Q

Are osteoblasts basophilic or acidophilic?

A

Basophilic

46
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Newly formed non-mineralized bone (“pre-bone”)

47
Q

What is the composition of osteoid?

A
  1. Type I collagen2. BMPs
48
Q

Osteoblasts have high concentrations of what enzyme?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

49
Q

During bone deposition, is there an increase or decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase levels?

50
Q

How to osteoblasts communicate with each other?

A

Gap junctions

51
Q

What are the functions of bone lining cells?

A
  1. Nutritional support of osteocytes2. Uptake and release of calcium and phosphate by bone tissue
52
Q

What is the periosteocytic space?

A

Space between osteocyte cell membrane and the lacuna and canaliculi

53
Q

Are osteoclasts basophilic or acidophilic?

A

Acidophilic

54
Q

What causes acidophilic nature of osteoclasts?

A

Acid-containing lysosomes

55
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from ________________

A

Mononuclear hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GM)

56
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Howship’s lacuna

57
Q

What is Howship’s lacuna?

A

Enzymatically-etched shallow depression where osteoclasts are found

58
Q

An osteoclast actively breaking down bone has what morphological characteristics?

A
  1. Ruffled border2. Clear zone 3. Basolateral region
59
Q

What is the function of the clear zone in an active osteoclast?

A

Sealing zone to isolate corrosive materials

60
Q

The acidic environment of osteoclasts breaks down what component of bone?

A

Inorganic component

61
Q

What enzyme types break down the organic component of bone?

A
  1. Lysosomal hydrolases2. Metalloproteinases (collagenase, gelatinase)
62
Q

What happens to osteoclasts when they are done with bone resorption?

63
Q

The diploe found between inner and outer tables of the skull cap is characterized as what type of bone?

A

Cancellous bone

64
Q

What is the main morphological characteristic of compact bone?

A

Haversian systems (osteons)

65
Q

What is the main morphological characteristic of cancellous bone?

A

Bone lamellae (layers)

66
Q

Is primary bone temporary or permanent?

67
Q

What is the morphology of primary bone?

A

Irregular / interlacing bundles of collagen (nonlamellar)

68
Q

What is the morphology of secondary bone?

A

Parallel or concentric bone lamellae

69
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

Vascular space that encloses a neurovascular bundle, but NOT lymphatic vessels

70
Q

What is the only component of bone that has lymphatic vessels?

A

Periosteum

71
Q

What are Volkmann canals?

A

Perforating canals; obliquely oriented; connect osteons that are next to each other

72
Q

Do Volkmann canals have concentric lamellae?

73
Q

In what direction to osteons form?

A

Outside-in

74
Q

Where are inner circumferential lamellae?

A

Around the marrow cavity

75
Q

What is anklyosis?

A

Condition in which two articulating bones fuse, obliterating the joint so there is no movement

76
Q

What is the cause of ankylosis?

A

Trauma to hyaline cartilage which causes it to become calcified and replaced by bone

77
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease that attacks synovial joints, damaging articular cartilages

78
Q

What is gouty arthritis?

A

Caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals

79
Q

Trauma to hyaline cartilage which causes it to become calcified and replaced by bone

80
Q

Autoimmune disease that attacks synovial joints, damaging articular cartilages

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

81
Q

Caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals

A

Gouty arthritis

82
Q

What is rickets?

A

Disorder resulting from calcium deficiency during development, or from inadequate vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption from the GI tract

83
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Condition characterized by reduction in bone mass in both components of bone matrix

Year 1 Cell Biology (40 decks)

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