Endocrine glands II

Question 1

How are the epithelial cells arranged in parathyroid glands?

Answer 1

Cords or clusters

Question 2

What are the cells of the parathyroid gland?

Answer 2

1. Chief cells2. Oxyphil cells3. Intermediate cells

Question 3

Which parathyroid cells have secretory granules that contain PTH?

Answer 3

Chief cells

Question 4

What are the effects of PTH?

Answer 4

Regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

Question 5

What is PTH’s function in bone?

Answer 5

Attaches to osteoblast receptors, causing them to release osteoclast stimulating factor, which triggers osteoclast activity. Calcium is freed from the bone to enter bloodstream (returning calcium levels to normal)

Question 6

What is PTH’s function in the kidney?

Answer 6

1. Conserves calcium (prevents loss in urine)2. Excretes phosphate (promotes loss in urine)

Question 7

What is PTH’s role in the GI tract?

Answer 7

Controls formation of vitamin D in the kidneys, which facilitates calcium absorption in the GI tract

Question 8

What does calcitonin do to blood calcium levels?

Answer 8

Decreases to normal

Question 9

What happens during hypoparathyroidism (or removal of parathyroid glands)?

Answer 9

Hypocalcemia, Tetany

Question 10

What happens during hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 10

Hypercalcemia, urinary tract stones

Question 11

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

Answer 11

Alpha

Question 12

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 12

Glucagon

Question 13

Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?

Answer 13

Beta

Question 14

What do the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 14

Insulin

Question 15

Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

Answer 15

Delta

Question 16

What do the delta cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 16

Somatostatin

Question 17

Which pancreatic cells produce gastrin?

Answer 17

G cells

Question 18

What do the G cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 18

Gastrin

Question 19

Which pancreatic cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 19

PP cells (F cells)

Question 20

What do the PP (F) cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 20

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 21

What is the function of somatostatin?

Answer 21

Reduces smooth muscle contraction of digestive tract and gall bladder

Question 22

What is the function of gastrin?

Answer 22

Stimulates parietal cells of the stomach mucosa to produce HCl

Question 23

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 23

Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions (digestive juices)

Question 24

Which adrenal region produces corticosteroids?

Answer 24

Cortex

Question 25

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 25

Corticosteroids

Question 26

Which adrenal region produces catecholamines?

Answer 26

Medulla

Question 27

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 27

Catecholamines

Question 28

How is the zona glomerulosa arranged?

Answer 28

Cords and clusters

Question 29

What are the notable histological characteristics of the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 29

1. Abundant sER2. Lipid droplets

Question 30

What type of hormone is synthesized in the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 30

Mineralocorticoids

Question 31

What is the main mineralocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 31

Aldosterone

Question 32

What is the target of aldosterone?

Answer 32

Distal convoluted tubule of kidney

Question 33

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 33

1. Stimulate water balance2. Absorption of sodium3. Excretion of potassium

Question 34

How are the cells arranged in the renal zona fasciculata?

Answer 34

Spongiocytes are arranged in radial columns with sinusoidal capillaries running in between

Question 35

What are the notable histological characteristics of the zona fasciculata?

Answer 35

1. Abundant sER2. Abundant Golgi3. Lipofuscin

Question 36

What type of hormone is synthesized in the zona fasciculata?

Answer 36

Glucocorticoids

Question 37

What are the glucocorticoids produced in the zona fasciculata?

Answer 37

1. Cortisol2. Corticosterone

Question 38

What is the function of the glucocorticoids?

Answer 38

Control of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

Question 39

What causes Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 39

Small tumors of the basophils in the anterior pituitary gland. Tumors produce excess ACTH which overstimulates the suprarenal cortex - excess cortisol is produced. Symptoms are obesity, impotency in males, amenorrhea in females

Question 40

How are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged?

Answer 40

Anastomosing cords

Question 41

What type of hormone is produced in the zona reticularis?

Answer 41

Androgens

Question 42

What is the developmental derivation of the suprarenal medulla?

Answer 42

Neural crest cells

Question 43

What are the cells of the suprarenal medulla?

Answer 43

1. Chromaffin cells2. Sympathetic ganglion cells

Question 44

What do chromaffin cells synthesize?

Answer 44

Catecholamines

Question 45

What is the function of the sympathetic ganglion cells?

Answer 45

In CT of medulla; send axons to cortex where they modulate cortical activity and innervate blood vessels