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Physiology > renal- fluid management and filtration > Flashcards

renal- fluid management and filtration Flashcards

1
Q

how does blood enter each kidnet?

A

the renal arteries

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2
Q

this structure transports urine from kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

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3
Q

this structure stores urine until voided

A

bladder

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4
Q

this structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

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5
Q

this is released from the kidney to control RBC production

A

EPO

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6
Q

this is released from the kidneys and controls the formation of angiotensin from angiotensinogen

A

renin

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7
Q

the kidneys convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D which influences _______ balance

A

calcium

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8
Q

the body is what % water?

A

45-70%

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9
Q

plasma is about ____% of blood volume

A

55%

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10
Q

this is the proportion of blood that is made up of RBCs

A

hematocrit

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11
Q

what is a normal hematocrit?

A

40-45%

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12
Q

this is the concentration of particles in fluid

A

osmolarity

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13
Q

what is normal osmolarity?

A

300 mOsm/L

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14
Q

this is addition of high salts (increased osmolarity) that causes a shift of fluid

A

hyperosmotic contraction or expansion

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15
Q

this is the addition of low salts (low osmolarity) that causes a shift of fluid from ECF to ICF

A

hypoosmotic contraction or expansion

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16
Q

this refers to when volume increases or decreases without a fluid shift

A

Isoosmotic

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17
Q

volume contraction always results in _______ (+/-) ECF

A

decreased

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18
Q

volume expansion always results in ______ (+/-) ECF

A

increased

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19
Q

diarrhea results in what type of fluid shift?

A

isosmotic volume contraction

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20
Q

water deprivation results in what type of fluid shift?

A

hyperosmotic volume contraction

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21
Q

adrenal insufficiency results in what type of fluid shift?

A

hypoosmotic volume contraction

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22
Q

isotonic NaCl results in what type of fluid shift?

A

isosmotic volume expansion

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23
Q

high salt intake results in what type of fluid shift?

A

hyperosmotic volume expansion

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24
Q

SIADH results in what type of fluid shift?

A

hypoosmotic volume expansion

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25
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal

26
Q

this is the outer area of the kidney

A

cortex

27
Q

this is the inner area of the kidney which surrounds the renal sinus

A

medulla

28
Q

these are cone-shaped structures in the kidney and the base is the boundary between cortex and medulla

A

renal pyramids

29
Q

this calyce converges to form the renal pelvis

A

major

30
Q

this is an enlarged chamber formed by major calyces

A

renal pelvis

31
Q

this structure exits at the hilum and connects to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

32
Q

is osmolarity higher in the cortex or medulla?

A

medulla

33
Q

this is a tuft of capillaries in the nephron which receives blood from an afferent arteriole

A

glomerulus

34
Q

this is a renal tubule that forms a cup shape around the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

35
Q

this type of nephron has a long loop of henle and is heavily involved in the concentration of urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

36
Q

this type of nephron includes most nephrons and has a short loop of henle

A

cortical nephrons

37
Q

this is the amount of filtrate produced each minute

A

GFR

38
Q

average urine production/ day

A

1-2 L

39
Q

what pressure pushes fluid out of the glomerular capillary?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

what two pressures push back against fluid movement out of the glomeruluar capillary?

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure

41
Q

this law states that the amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount leaving an organ

A

Fick’s law

42
Q

these cells are enlarged smooth muscle cells that are mechanoreceptors and contain renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

43
Q

these cells are chemoreceptors that respond to NaCl changes in the filtrate

A

macula densa

44
Q

an increase in NaCl ions in the filtrate triggers the release of ________ from macula densa cells

A

adenosine

45
Q

adenosine causes _________ of afferent aterioles, leading to ________ GFR

A

vasoconstriction
decreased

46
Q

afferent and efferent arterioles are controlled by what receptor type

A

alpha 1

47
Q

sympathetic activation will _________ blood flow and filtration rate

A

decrease

48
Q

constricting the _____ arteriole leads to decreased GFR

A

afferent

49
Q

constricting the _____ arteriole leads to increased GFR

A

efferent

50
Q

PGs cause __________ in the kidneys

A

vasodilation

51
Q

these capillaries are specialized for filtration and have fenestrations

A

glomerular capillaries

52
Q

these capillaries are where most filtrate is reabsorbed and secretion occurs

A

peritubular capillaries

53
Q

these capillaries are important for maintaining proper osmolarity from cortex to medulla

A

peritubular

54
Q

this is where filtrate enters the glomerular capsular space

A

filtration slits between the foot processes of podocytes

55
Q

this is the fraction of blood that enters the glomerulus but is filtered into the renal tubules

A

filtration fraction

56
Q

is capillary oncotic pressure higher at the afferent or efferent arteriole end?

A

efferent

57
Q

this is the volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance in one min

A

renal clearance

58
Q

this substance is used to determine renal clearance because it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

A

inulin

59
Q

clearance of inulin = ___

A

GFR

60
Q

________ can significantly increase the renal clearance of a substance to be greater than GFR

A

secretion

61
Q

once something moves into the tubule, it’s next stop is ________, unless it is reabsorbed

A

excretion as urine

Physiology (20 decks)

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