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Physiology > Heart Function and Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Heart Function and Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is Einthoven’s Triangle?

A

lead placements on the right and left arms and the left leg for EKG

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2
Q

what is the most common lead to view on an EKG?

A

lead 2

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3
Q

voltage changes in the direction of the _______ lead is registered as an upward deflection

A

positive

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4
Q

this type of EKG is arranged to analyze information in a circular fashion (cross section) and provides better resolution

A

12 lead EKG

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5
Q

slow HR

A

bradycardia <60bpm

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6
Q

fast HR

A

tachycardia >100bpm

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7
Q

this occurs when there is no coordinated synchronized rhythm of the heart

A

fibrilation

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8
Q

this is a stray signal that tells the chamber to contract early

A

premature beats (PAC and PVC)

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9
Q

S-T elevation indicates this condition

A

myocardial infarction

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10
Q

S-T depression may indicate _______

A

ischemia

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11
Q

this occurs when the electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles is disrupted

A

heart block

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12
Q

what is indicative of a 1st degree heart block?

A

widened PR interval (>0.2)

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13
Q

what is indicative of a type 1 second degree heart block?

A

PR interval becomes wider and wider until it drops QRS

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14
Q

what is indicative of a type 2 second degree heart block?

A

intermittent dropping of the QRS without progressive widening of PR interval

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15
Q

what is indicative of a 3rd degree heart block?

A

independent P and QRS (completely uncoordinated)

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16
Q

this is filling/ the relaxation phase

A

diastole

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17
Q

this is emptying/ the contraction phase

A

systole

18
Q

this refers to how much blood is in the chamber after filling

A

end diastolic volume/ preload (120mL)

19
Q

this refers to how much blood is left after a contraction

A

end systolic volume (50mL)

20
Q

this refers to the volume of blood ejected in one contraction

A

stroke volume (SV)

21
Q

SV equation

A

EDV-ESV (about 70mL)

22
Q

this refers to the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

A

cardiac output (CO)

23
Q

CO equation

A

HR x SV

24
Q

what is normal CO usually around?

A

about 5.25 L/min

25
Q

true or false- in a healthy system, SV is NOT constant

A

false- normally SV is fairly constant

26
Q

What does the Frank-Starling Law state?

A

higher preload= more stretch= more powerful contraction

27
Q

this refers to pressure caused by resistance of the aorta or pulmonary artery to blood flowing into it

A

afterload

28
Q

do negative inotropic effects increase or decrease SV/ CO?

A

decreases SV/ CO

29
Q

do positive inotropic effects increase or decrease SV/ CO?

A

increases SV/ CO

30
Q

what occurs during atrial systole: active ventricular filling in the cardiac cycle?

A

SL valves are closed while AV valves are open
depolarization of SA nodes lead to atrial contraction
completes ventricular filling

31
Q

what events occur during the period of isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

SL and AV valves closed
contraction, but no volume changes
begins after QRS complex
increased pressure in ventricles causes AV valves to close
beginning of ventricular systole

32
Q

what events occur during the rapid ventricular ejection/ reduced ventricular ejection phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

SL valves open, AV valves are closed
pressure in ventricle> pressure in aorta/ pulmonary trunk
blood ejected from ventricles
after initial spurt, pressure drops

33
Q

what occurs during the period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation in the cardiac cycle?

A

SL and AV valves closed
completion of T wave–> ventricular repolarization and relaxation
rapid fall of ventricular pressure

34
Q

what occurs during the rapid, passive ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

AV valves open, SL valves are closed
atrial pressure> ventricular pressure so AV valves open
blood flows into relaxed ventricles

35
Q

pressure in the _____ maintains an elevated diastolic pressure

A

aorta

36
Q

diastolic pressure in the ________ drops to almost zero

A

ventricle

37
Q

explain the 4 parts of the left ventricular volume loop

A

filling- volume increases
isovolumetric contraction- mitral and aortic valves closed
aortic valve opens- volume decreases
isovolumetric relaxation- valves are closed

38
Q

does increased preload and increased contractility increase or decrease SV?

A

increase

39
Q

does increased afterload increase or decrease SV?

A

decrease

40
Q

abnormal heart sound

A

murmur

41
Q

sound heard with incompetent valve (doesn’t close correctly)

A

swishing sound

42
Q

sound heard with stenotic valve (narrowed)

A

high pitch/ clicking sound

Physiology (21 decks)

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