Pressure Control Systems Flashcards
what is Pa
arterial pressure
true or false- BP can be changed at the level of the organ based on the need
true
arterial pressure equation
CO x TPR
where are two major locations of baroreceptors?
carotid sinus and aortic arch
increased stretch of stretch receptors leads to ___________ (increased or decreased) frequency of action potentials
increased
the carotid sinus nerve works via the ____________ CN
glossopharyngeal (9th)
the aortic arch works via the ______ CN
vagus (10th)
where are the cardio centers located in the brain?
medulla and lower pons
this is where information for BP is integrated, then sent to the response centers of the brainstem
nucleu tractus solitarius
vasoconstriction and HR acceleration is primarily part of what innervation system?
sympathetic
what neurotransmitter is released from the vagus nerve at the SA and AV nodes during high BP?
ACh
what neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic signals to increase HR?
NE
what neurotransmitter are released onto heart and blood vessels to increase vasoconstriction and SV?
NE and epinephrine
a drop in MAP leads to decreased _______ and increased _______ innervation
PS
sympathetic
Constriction leads to _________ (+/-) TPR
increased
fluid volume is primarily controlled by what organ?
kidneys
list the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism (RAAM)
renin released from kidneys
breaks down angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
ACE converts it to angiotensin 2
angiotensin 2 vasocontricts and stimulates aldosterone release
what 5 major things does angiotensin 2 stimulate?
aldosterone release
ADH release
Na+ reabsorption
thirst
vasoconstriction
where is ADH released from?
posterior pituitary
this ADH receptor causes vasoconstriction in the arteriole and increased TPR
V1
this ADH receptor causes reabsorption of water into collecting ducts of the kidneys
V2
What does ADH stimulate the insertion of in the kidneys?
aquaporins
ADH increased the reabsorption of what?
water
for the ANP mechanism, stretch receptors in the ______ stimulate the kidneys to do what?
increase urine output
the ANP mechanism is used to (+/-) BP?
decrease BP
ANP is released from cardiac cells and has these 3 major effects
1- increases Na+ and H2O excretion
2- inhibits ADH release
3- renal vasodilation–> increased GFR–> increased fluid loss
this is secreted from the ventricles and is an indicator of heart failure
BNP (B-type atrial natriuretic peptide)
this is the loss of Na+ and H2O in the urine
natriuresis
do natriuretic peptides promote or inhibit salt and water excretion?
promote
peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to what 3 things?
decreased O2
increased CO2
decreased pH
activation of the peripheral chemoreceptors leads to activation of what part of the NS?
sympathetic
when central chemoreceptors sense high CO2 and low pH, what three actions occur?
increased vasoconstriction
increased TPR
increased BP
vasoconstriction occurs in the presence of ______
nutrients (O2, glucose, amino acids)
vasodilation occurs in the presence of ______
wastes (CO2, lactic acid, NO)
vasodilator substances are produced as metabolism ______
increases
these two things are primary factors in coronary blood flow
hypoxia
adenosine
local hypoxia in the coronary arteries leads to ________ of the arterioles and ________ blood flow
vasodilation
increased
if more protein is added to the blood, there will be an increase in capillary oncotic pressure and lead to fluid movement in what direction?
from the interstitial space into the vessels
what 4 major things happen during vasovagal syncope?
increased PS activation
activation of medullary centers
decreased HR and CO
decreased TPR
