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Physiology > Endocrine- Pt 1-3 > Flashcards

Endocrine- Pt 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

this type of hormone produces a rapid response and accounts for most hormones

A

peptide hormones

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2
Q

list the steps of peptide hormone synthesis

A

DNA–> mRNA–> preprohormone–> prohormone–> hormone

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3
Q

what kind of hormones are these:
insulin
glucagon
ghrelin
leptin

A

peptide hormones

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4
Q

this type of hormone is derived from tyrosine?

A

amine hormones

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5
Q

what 2 major categories of hormones are amine hormones?

A

1- catecholamines
2- thyroid hormones

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6
Q

catecholamines have a ________ response, while thyroid hormones have a _________ response

A

rapid
slow

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7
Q

thyroid hormones are __________, which allow them to diffuse across membranes to bind cytosolic or nuclear receptors

A

lipophilic

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8
Q

this type of steroid is derived from cholesterol

A

steroid hormones

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9
Q

do steroid hormones have a slow or fast response?

A

slow

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10
Q

what type of hormones are these:
cortisol
aldosterone
estradiol
progesterone
testosterone
calcitriol

A

steroid hormones

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11
Q

are steroid hormones lipophilic?

A

yes

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12
Q

does the short or long feedback loop feed back to the HPA axis?

A

long

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13
Q

does the short or long feedback loop feed back to the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormone?

A

short

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14
Q

this connects the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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15
Q

this part of the pituitary is composed of neural tissue

A

posterior pituitary

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16
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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17
Q

2 actions of ADH

A

V1- potent vasoconstrictor
V2- increases reabsorption in late DCT and collecting duct

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18
Q

what 2 factors inhibit ADH release?

A

decreased serum osmolarity
ethanol

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19
Q

cause of central diabetes insipidus

A

failure of ADH release from the pituitary

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20
Q

cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

cells of collecting duct not responsive to ADH

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21
Q

this disease is excessive ADH release and leads to the production of small volumes of concentrated urine

A

SIADH

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22
Q

this hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for the “letdown” reflex and emotional bonding

A

oxytocin

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23
Q

what inhibits oxytocin?

A

opioids

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24
Q

this part of the pituitary gland is a collection of endocrine cells activated by the hypothalamic tropic hormones

A

anterior pituitary

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25
Q

what stimulates the pituitary to release stimulating hormones?

A

releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what type of cells in the anterior pituitary release GH?

A

somatotrophs

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27
Q

what type of cells in the anterior pituitary release prolactin?

A

lactotrophs

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28
Q

what class of hormone are prolactin and GH?

A

peptide hormones

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29
Q

list 5 effects of GH

A

1- increases protein synthesis
2- antagonizes effects of insulin
3- mobilizes fatty acids from storage
4- stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
5- increased linear growth

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30
Q

what hormone inhibits GH and where is it released from?

A

somatostatin (SRIF) released from the hypothalamus

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31
Q

this condition is caused by a lack of GH

A

dwarfism

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32
Q

this condition is caused by defective GH receptors

A

Laron dwarfism

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33
Q

this condition is caused by a GH secreting tumor

A

acromegaly

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34
Q

what hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates prolactin release?

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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35
Q

list 4 effects of prolactin

A

1- breast development at puberty
2- development of mammary alveoli in pregnancy
3- synthesis of milk components (lactose, casein, lipids)
4- inhibits ovulation

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36
Q

what substance released from the hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins is inhibitory of prolactin?

A

dopamine

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37
Q

this substance is a dopamine agonist

A

bromocriptine

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38
Q

list the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what they release

A

zona glomerulosa- aldosterone
zona fasciculata- cortisol
zona reticularis- androgens

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39
Q

all adrenocortical steroids are derived from _______

A

cholesterol

40
Q

this is the rate limiting step in adrenocortical steroid synthesis

A

cholesterol desmolase
*stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary

41
Q

this stimulates aldosterone production at the last enzymatic steps which is unique to the aldosterone pathway

A

angiotensin 2

42
Q

this molecule is required for glucocorticoid synthesis

A

11-beta hydroxylase

43
Q

this molecule from the anterior pituitary stimulates adrenal cell growth and activity, processing of cholesterol via CYP450 and is highest in the morning

A

ACTH

44
Q

list 5 major effects of cortisol

A

1- gluconeogenesis
2- protein catabolism
3- lipolysis
4- immunosuppression
5- anti-inflammatory

45
Q

what 2 androgenic compounds does the zona reticularis release?

A

DHEA
androstenedione

46
Q

what is the main regulator of aldosterone secretion?

A

RAA system

47
Q

does high K+ lead to increased or decreased cholesterol desmolase?

A

increased–> increased Na/K pumps

48
Q

what are 3 major actions of aldosterone?

A

1- insertion of Na/K pumps (increased Na+ reabsorption and increased K secretion)
2- increased hydrogen ATPase (increased H secretion)
3- fluid volume expansion and increased BP

49
Q

excess aldosterone leads to increased _________ reabsorption and increased _________ secretion, leading to ____________ and increased BP

A

Na+
K+
hypokalemia

50
Q

low aldosterone leads to decreased ___________ reabsorption and decreased ____________ secretion, leading to decreased BP

A

Na+
K+

51
Q

this disease is destruction of all zones of the adrenal gland

A

Addison disease

52
Q

Addison’s disease leads to a decrease in these 3 factors. List them and their effects.

A

1- cortisol: hypoglycemia, anorexia, weight loss
2- aldosterone: hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotension
3- androgens: decreased pubic and axillary hair

53
Q

this syndrome is excess production of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

cushing syndrome

54
Q

this thyroid hormone accounts for 90% of TH production

A

T4 (thyroxine)

55
Q

this thyroid hormone is the most ACTIVE

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

56
Q

are TH lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

lipophilic

57
Q

this molecule makes up a large portion of colloid

A

thyroglobulin

58
Q

thyroglobulin has high amounts of this a.a.

A

tyrosine

59
Q

this enzyme puts tyrosine and iodine together

A

thyroid peroxidase

60
Q

this inhibits thyroid peroxidase function

A

propylthiouracil

61
Q

how does TH move in the blood?

A

bound to thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
small amount bound to albumin or free floating

62
Q

is active TH free and unbound or protein bound?

A

free/ unbound

63
Q

liver failure may reduce _____ which leads to an increase in levels of free TH–> negative feedback will inhibit synthesis and lead to ___________ (hyper or hypo thyroidism)

A

TBG
hypothyroidism

64
Q

starvation decreases the conversion of _____ to _____ in the body, but NOT in the brain

A

body

65
Q

does T3/ T4 bind to receptors outside or inside cells?

A

inside

66
Q

this disease is a type 2 hypersensitivity in which antibodies stimulate TSH receptors

A

Graves disease

67
Q

list 4 causes of goiter

A

1- graves disease
2- TSH secreting hormone
3- autoimmune thyroiditis
4- iodine deficiency

68
Q

what do alpha cells from the pancreas release?

A

glucagon

69
Q

what do beta cells from the pancreas release?

A

insulin

70
Q

what do delta cells from the pancreas release?

A

somatostatin

71
Q

is oral or IV glucose a more effective stimulator of insulin release?

A

oral- increases intestinal factors

72
Q

what does insulin increase?

A

glucose uptake into cells
glycogen formation
protein synthesis
fat deposition
K+ uptake into cells

73
Q

what does insulin decrease?

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis

74
Q

list 2 insulin effects on adipose tissue

A

1- increases glucose and fatty acid uptake and triglyceride synthesis
2- decreases lipolysis

75
Q

list insulin effects on skeletal muscle

A

increases uptake of glucose, glycogen storage and uptake of a.a. and protein synthesis

76
Q

list 2 effects of insulin on the liver

A

1- increases glycogen synthesis and triglyceride synthesis
2- decreases gluconeogenesis

77
Q

glucose binds to receptors on beta cells which leads to _________ of the beta cell–> insulin release

A

depolarization

78
Q

list the MOA of insulin

A

1- binds to alpha subunit–> activation
2- GLUT insertion into membrane

79
Q

true or false- insulin downregulates its own receptor

A

true

80
Q

this is a type 4 hypersensitivity that causes autoimmune destruction of beta cells

A

type 1A insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

81
Q

are type 1 or type 2 diabetes more prone to ketoacidosis?

A

type 1

82
Q

in this condition, the pancreas produces insulin but the insulin has little or no effect and over time, beta cells become damaged

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

83
Q

______ is the antagonist to insulin

A

glucagon

84
Q

list 3 effects of glucagon

A

1- glycogenolysis
2- gluconeogenesis
3- lipolysis

85
Q

this hormone inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon via paracrine action

A

somatostatin

86
Q

do you get hyperreflexia with hypo or hyper calcemia?

A

hypocalcemia
- less polarization of cell (easier to depolarize)

87
Q

forms of calcium in the blood

A

40% bound to albumin
10% bound to phosphate
50% ionized and free in the blood

88
Q

_____ and Ca2+ compete for spots on albumin

A

H+

89
Q

in acidosis, blood Ca2+ levels are _____

A

high

90
Q

in alkalosis, blood Ca2+ levels are ______

A

low

91
Q

this is the main hormone involved in increasing blood Ca2+ levels

A

PTH

92
Q

what major 3 effects does PTH have?

A

1- increased resorption of bone
2- increased Ca2+ reabsorption from kidney
3- activation of vit D in kidney

93
Q

how does PTH increase Ca2+ resorption from bone?

A

increased osteoclast activity

94
Q

what 3 major impacts does PTH have on the kidney?

A

1- Ca2+ reabsorption in DCT
2- inhibits phosphate reabsorption
3- activation of vit D

95
Q

this hormone reduces bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts

A

calcitonin

96
Q

3 effects of active vit D

A

1- increases bone resorption and Ca2+ and phosphate used to rebuild new bone
2- increased Ca2+ and phosphate absorption in intestines
3- stimulates Ca2+ and phosphate reabsorption in the kidney

97
Q

this is a vit D deficiency

A

rickets

Physiology (20 decks)

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