GI 2

Question 1

these are specialized folds in the small intestine that contain blood vessels and lacteals

Answer 1

villi

Question 2

these increase surface area even more by forming the brush border

Answer 2

microvilli

Question 3

this is the microenvironment for enzyme release and digestion/ absorption

Answer 3

brush border

Question 4

what is one major function of the liver?

Answer 4

bile production

Question 5

function of bile

Answer 5

makes fats soluble

Question 6

the liver produces _______ from heme breakdown

Answer 6

bilirubin

Question 7

what structure stores and concentrates bile?

Answer 7

gallbladder

Question 8

what stimulates bile release from the gallbladder?

Answer 8

CCK and vagus nerve

Question 9

what stimulates the release of CCK?

Answer 9

lipids in the duodenum

Question 10

what are the main components of bile?

Answer 10

bile salts
phospholipids
cholesterol
bile pigments

Question 11

this component of bile emulsifies fats

Answer 11

bile salts

Question 12

insoluble bilirubin is bound to _______ in the blood

Answer 12

albumin

Question 13

bilirubin is conjugated to what in the liver?

Answer 13

glucoronic acid

Question 14

conjugated bilirubin is broken down into what 2 things in the small intestine?

Answer 14

urobilin- urine
stercobilin- stool

Question 15

this results from abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin the blood

Answer 15

jaundice

Question 16

indirect bilirubin is ___________

Answer 16

unconjugated

Question 17

direct bilirubin is ____________

Answer 17

conjugated

Question 18

bile acids are made from ______

Answer 18

cholesterol

Question 19

bile acids are conjugated with what to their final bile salt structure?

Answer 19

glycine
taurine
(amino acids)

Question 20

bile salts are _________, which allows them to act as emulsifiers

Answer 20

amphiphathic

Question 21

what transports bile back into the portal system?

Answer 21

Na+/ bile cotransporter

Question 22

where is bile reabsorbed?

Answer 22

ileum

Question 23

after fat is emulsified, what breaks it down into micelles?

Answer 23

pancreatic lipase and colipase

Question 24

after absorption, lipids are ________

Answer 24

reassembled

Question 25

lipids enter the lacteals as a _______

Answer 25

chylomicron

Question 26

triglyceride digestion results in…..

Answer 26

monoglycerides and free fatty acids

Question 27

cholesterol digestion results in…..

Answer 27

ester digestion to cholesterol and fatty acid

Question 28

phospholipid digestion results in…

Answer 28

lysolecithin and fatty acid

Question 29

these have low cholesterol levels and carry cholesterol and triglycerides to adipose tissue

Answer 29

VLDLs

Question 30

these are the main carrier of cholesterol and drop it off to “needy” cells

Answer 30

LDLs

Question 31

these remove excess cholesterol from cells and vascular membranes

Answer 31

HDLs

Question 32

what organs does the liver receive blood from?

Answer 32

spleen
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
colon

Question 33

where do blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein mix?

Answer 33

sinusoids

Question 34

bile in the liver is released into bile ________

Answer 34

canaliculi

Question 35

phase 1 drug metabolism in the liver includes….

Answer 35

CYP450 enzyme breakdown

Question 36

phase 2 drug metabolism in the liver includes…

Answer 36

making the substance more water soluble

Question 37

sugars must be absorbed as _______

Answer 37

monosaccharides

Question 38

how are fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) absorbed?

Answer 38

just like dietary lipids

Question 39

cecal distention causes the ileocecal valve to __________

Answer 39

constrict

Question 40

are enzymes secreted in the large intestine?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

what does the large intestine secrete?

Answer 41

mucus