Renal- acid-base

Question 1

this minimizes changes of pH

Answer 1

buffers

Question 2

hydrogen is a product of what 3 major processes?

Answer 2

CO2+ H2O
protein catabolism
phospholipid catabolism

Question 3

what is the normal pH range?

Answer 3

7.35-7.45

Question 4

this is defined as a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid

Answer 4

buffer

Question 5

this is a particular pH range specific to the buffering molecules

Answer 5

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Question 6

what are the 2 major buffers in extracellular fluid?

Answer 6

bicarb
phosphate

Question 7

normal CO2 levels

Answer 7

35-45

Question 8

normal bicarb levels

Answer 8

22-26 mEq/L

Question 9

what are 2 intracellular buffers?

Answer 9

organic phosphates
proteins (histidine residue)

Question 10

is protein a plasma buffer?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what happens to pH in hypercalemia?

Answer 11

decreased pH/ acidosis

Question 12

what happens to pH in hypokalemia?

Answer 12

increased pH/ alkalosis

Question 13

Ca2+ levels in acidosis

Answer 13

hypercalcemia

Question 14

Ca2+ levels in alkalosis

Answer 14

hypocalcemia

Question 15

how much bicard is reabsorbed?

Answer 15

nearly 100%

Question 16

what are the 2 ways H+ is excreted?

Answer 16

NH4+- ammonium ion
titratable acid- bound to phosphate

Question 17

urine pH can only get as low as ___

Answer 17

4.4

Question 18

at blood bicarb levels of >40, transporters are ______ so bicarb is _______

Answer 18

saturated
excreted

Question 19

in respiratory acidosis (increased CO2), more ______ and ______ are produced

Answer 19

H+ and HCO3-

Question 20

in respiratory alkalosis, less_____ is reabsorbed in the kidneys

Answer 20

HCO3-

Question 21

in respiratory alkalosis, less CO2 is avaliable, so less ______ is reabsorbed in the kidneys

Answer 21

HCO3-

Question 22

deamination of glutamine produces what molecule?

Answer 22

NH3

Question 23

in the collecting duct, hydrogen is exchanged with what molecule?

Answer 23

K+

Question 24

metabolic acidosis

Answer 24

decrease of HCO3-

Question 25

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 25

increase of HCO3-

Question 26

respiratory acidosis

Answer 26

increased CO2

Question 27

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 27

decreased CO2

Question 28

true or false- compensation for metabolic acidosis or alkalosis involves both renal and respiratory mechanisms

Answer 28

true

Question 29

major cation measured for anion gap

Answer 29

Na+ some K+ contributes but it's really low

Question 30

what are the 2 major anions measured for anion gap?

Answer 30

Cl- and HCO3-

Question 31

what anions may be included in the anion gap?

Answer 31

proteins, phosphate, citrate, sulfate

Question 32

if anions in the anion gap are increased, then _____ will also be elevated

Answer 32

Na+

Question 33

will a decrease in HCO3- lead to an increase or decrease in anion gap?

Answer 33

increase

Question 34

what 4 acids contribute to high anion gap?

Answer 34

keto acid- diabetic ketoacidosis lactic acid- shock formic acid- methanol poisoning oxalic acid- ethylene glycol poisoning

Question 35

hypoventilation may lead to...

Answer 35

respiratory acidosis

Question 36

hyperventilation may lead to...

Answer 36

respiratory alkalosis

Question 37

diarrhea, shock, anaerobic metabolism may lead to....

Answer 37

metabolic acidosis

Question 38

increased bicarbonate antiacids and vomiting may lead to...

Answer 38

metabolic alkalosis

Question 39

this mechanism is different than what caused the imbalance and attempts to adjust the pH toward a more normal level, temporary effect

Answer 39

compensatory mechanism

Question 40

in this type of compensation: pH abnormal causative system abnormal compensating system within normal range

Answer 40

uncompensated

Question 41

in this type of compensation: pH abnormal causative and compensatory system abnormal

Answer 41

partial compensation

Question 42

in this type of compensation: pH within normal range both causative and compensatory systems abnormal

Answer 42

complete compensation