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Physiology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is first line of defense?

A

physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers

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2
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

innate immunity (inflammation)

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3
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

adaptive immunity

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4
Q

This part of the immune system is fast, does not distinguish between microbes, and includes the inflammatory response

A

innate immune system

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5
Q

This part of the immune system includes B cells and T cells

A

adaptive immune system

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6
Q

This part of the immune system is a stronger and more prolonged response throughout the system

A

adaptive immune system

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7
Q

Which WBCs are phagocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
macrophages/ monocytes
dendritic cells

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8
Q

Which WBCs are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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9
Q

These are conserved patterns on foreign molecules

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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10
Q

lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, bacterial lipoproteins, double stranded RNA, flagella, and foreign DNA are examples of what that help the IS identify pathogens?

A

PAMPs

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11
Q

These are receptors on immune cells that recognize PAMPs

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

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12
Q

pattern recognition receptors are also referred to as….

A

toll-like receptors (TLR)

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13
Q

This process neutralizes harmful agents, removes damaged and dead tissue, minimizes the effects of injury or infection, generates new tissue, and promotes healing

A

inflammation

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14
Q

the vascular and cellular stages are a part of the ______ response (local or systemic?)

A

local response

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15
Q

white blood cell response, acute-phase response, and sepsis are parts of what response? (local or systemic?)

A

systemic response

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16
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function

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17
Q

rubor

A

redness

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18
Q

tumor

A

swelling

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19
Q

calor

A

heat

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20
Q

dolar

A

pain

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21
Q

these 3 WBCs are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disease

A

eosinophils
mast cells
basophils

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22
Q

functia laesa

A

loss of function

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23
Q

this granulocyte is the first responder and is the most plentiful, it is short-lived and becomes pus when it dies

A

neutrophils

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24
Q

this granulocyte is associated with parasites and is involved in allergic responses

A

eosinophils

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25
Q

this granulocyte is localized in tissue and active in allergic responses

A

mast cells

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26
Q

this granulocyte is involved in amplification of an allergic response and is more mobile than mast cells

A

basophils

27
Q

are monocytes and macrophages granulocytes or agranulocytes?

A

agranulocytes

28
Q

in this phase of acute inflammation, cells and proteins move through blood vessels and begin to collect near the site of inflammation

A

vascular

29
Q

in this phase of acute inflammation, leukocytes move into the tissue where inflammation is occurring

A

cellular

30
Q

during the vascular phase of inflammation, there is a period of vaso______ followed by vaso_____

A

constriction; dilation

31
Q

These two chemicals are common inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability during inflammation

A

histamine and bradykinin

32
Q

damaged tissues and resident immune cells release chemical signals called _______ indicating damage has occurred

A

cytokines

33
Q

this is the process of neutrophils and other WBCs leaving the blood vessels to migrate into the interstitial fluid

A

diapedesis

34
Q

chemokines are chemical signals released from damaged areas and allow WBCs to migrate towards the affected area in a process called ______

A

chemotaxis

35
Q

True or false: macrophages phagocytose invaders and damaged cells

A

true

36
Q

This is synthesized and released by the liver and may be shown on lab testing to indicate an inflammatory response

A

c-reactive protein (CRP)

37
Q

this stimulates the liver to synthesize and release CRP

A

interleukin-6 (IL-6)

38
Q

this is a kinin that causes vasodilation and pain

A

bradykinin

39
Q

this is a chemical released by granulocytes that causes dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of venules in the inflammatory process

A

histamine

40
Q

this enhances pain sensitivity, fever, and vascular permeability and is released from cells when injury occurs

A

prostaglandins

41
Q

these are made from phospholipids (so can be made by all cells) and aspirin and NSAIDS block this production pathway

A

prostaglandins

42
Q

these work with histamine and have similar but slower effects, involve smooth muscle contraction, and are important in asthma

A

leukotrienes

43
Q

these are molecules released from one immune cell that causes response in a nearby immune cell

A

cytokines

44
Q

these are two important cytokines that activate many other pathways of inflammation

A

TNF-a and IL-1

45
Q

these are released by cells to initiate chemotaxis

A

chemokines

46
Q

this is a potent vasodilator that prevents clotting and reduces inflammation

A

nitric oxide (NO)

47
Q

These signify cell damage, can trigger cytokine release and can damage surrounding cells, ex- lysosomes

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

48
Q

this system is composed of plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells by opsinization or membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

complement system

49
Q

The main complement responsible for opsonization

A

C3b

50
Q

the process where complement covers the pathogen to mark it for a macrophage to engulf

A

opsonization

51
Q

the main complement responsible for membrane attack complexes (MAC)

A

C5b

52
Q

this is the process where complement pokes hole in the membrane of the pathogen

A

MAC

53
Q

In this phase of systemic inflammation, cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, CRP) are increased, as well as increased fibrinogen levels and increased leukocytosis

A

acute phase response

54
Q

this refers to inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer and is characterized as pus formation and discharge and incomplete wound healing

A

chronic inflammation

55
Q

in this type of inflammation, macrophages and lymphocytes accumulate in the damaged area and keep releasing inflammatory mediators

A

chronic inflammation

56
Q

true or false: chronic inflammation can NOT damage tissue over time and does not lead to increased risk of cancer

A

false

57
Q

this type of WBC may collect and form “foam cells” in the arteries, leading to…

A

Macrophages, atherosclerosis

58
Q

true or false: atherosclerosis is an inflammatory response

A

true

59
Q

what causes pyrexia (fever)

A

pyrogens

60
Q

this type of pyrogen originates outside the body, typically from pathogens (bacterial cell walls, lipopolysaccharides) that trigger fever

A

exogenous pyrogens

61
Q

this type of pyrogen is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, an example is a cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a)

A

endogenous pyrogens

62
Q

what part of the brain controls temperature of the body?

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

what temperature is considered a fever?

A

38C or 100.4F

Physiology (21 decks)

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