Immunity Flashcards
What is first line of defense?
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers
What is the second line of defense?
innate immunity (inflammation)
What is the third line of defense?
adaptive immunity
This part of the immune system is fast, does not distinguish between microbes, and includes the inflammatory response
innate immune system
This part of the immune system includes B cells and T cells
adaptive immune system
This part of the immune system is a stronger and more prolonged response throughout the system
adaptive immune system
Which WBCs are phagocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
macrophages/ monocytes
dendritic cells
Which WBCs are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
macrophages and dendritic cells
These are conserved patterns on foreign molecules
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, bacterial lipoproteins, double stranded RNA, flagella, and foreign DNA are examples of what that help the IS identify pathogens?
PAMPs
These are receptors on immune cells that recognize PAMPs
pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
pattern recognition receptors are also referred to as….
toll-like receptors (TLR)
This process neutralizes harmful agents, removes damaged and dead tissue, minimizes the effects of injury or infection, generates new tissue, and promotes healing
inflammation
the vascular and cellular stages are a part of the ______ response (local or systemic?)
local response
white blood cell response, acute-phase response, and sepsis are parts of what response? (local or systemic?)
systemic response
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function
rubor
redness
tumor
swelling
calor
heat
dolar
pain
these 3 WBCs are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disease
eosinophils
mast cells
basophils
functia laesa
loss of function
this granulocyte is the first responder and is the most plentiful, it is short-lived and becomes pus when it dies
neutrophils
this granulocyte is associated with parasites and is involved in allergic responses
eosinophils
this granulocyte is localized in tissue and active in allergic responses
mast cells
this granulocyte is involved in amplification of an allergic response and is more mobile than mast cells
basophils
are monocytes and macrophages granulocytes or agranulocytes?
agranulocytes
in this phase of acute inflammation, cells and proteins move through blood vessels and begin to collect near the site of inflammation
vascular
in this phase of acute inflammation, leukocytes move into the tissue where inflammation is occurring
cellular
during the vascular phase of inflammation, there is a period of vaso______ followed by vaso_____
constriction; dilation
These two chemicals are common inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability during inflammation
histamine and bradykinin
damaged tissues and resident immune cells release chemical signals called _______ indicating damage has occurred
cytokines
this is the process of neutrophils and other WBCs leaving the blood vessels to migrate into the interstitial fluid
diapedesis
chemokines are chemical signals released from damaged areas and allow WBCs to migrate towards the affected area in a process called ______
chemotaxis
True or false: macrophages phagocytose invaders and damaged cells
true
This is synthesized and released by the liver and may be shown on lab testing to indicate an inflammatory response
c-reactive protein (CRP)
this stimulates the liver to synthesize and release CRP
interleukin-6 (IL-6)
this is a kinin that causes vasodilation and pain
bradykinin
this is a chemical released by granulocytes that causes dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of venules in the inflammatory process
histamine
this enhances pain sensitivity, fever, and vascular permeability and is released from cells when injury occurs
prostaglandins
these are made from phospholipids (so can be made by all cells) and aspirin and NSAIDS block this production pathway
prostaglandins
these work with histamine and have similar but slower effects, involve smooth muscle contraction, and are important in asthma
leukotrienes
these are molecules released from one immune cell that causes response in a nearby immune cell
cytokines
these are two important cytokines that activate many other pathways of inflammation
TNF-a and IL-1
these are released by cells to initiate chemotaxis
chemokines
this is a potent vasodilator that prevents clotting and reduces inflammation
nitric oxide (NO)
These signify cell damage, can trigger cytokine release and can damage surrounding cells, ex- lysosomes
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
this system is composed of plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells by opsinization or membrane attack complex (MAC)
complement system
The main complement responsible for opsonization
C3b
the process where complement covers the pathogen to mark it for a macrophage to engulf
opsonization
the main complement responsible for membrane attack complexes (MAC)
C5b
this is the process where complement pokes hole in the membrane of the pathogen
MAC
In this phase of systemic inflammation, cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, CRP) are increased, as well as increased fibrinogen levels and increased leukocytosis
acute phase response
this refers to inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer and is characterized as pus formation and discharge and incomplete wound healing
chronic inflammation
in this type of inflammation, macrophages and lymphocytes accumulate in the damaged area and keep releasing inflammatory mediators
chronic inflammation
true or false: chronic inflammation can NOT damage tissue over time and does not lead to increased risk of cancer
false
this type of WBC may collect and form “foam cells” in the arteries, leading to…
Macrophages, atherosclerosis
true or false: atherosclerosis is an inflammatory response
true
what causes pyrexia (fever)
pyrogens
this type of pyrogen originates outside the body, typically from pathogens (bacterial cell walls, lipopolysaccharides) that trigger fever
exogenous pyrogens
this type of pyrogen is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, an example is a cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a)
endogenous pyrogens
what part of the brain controls temperature of the body?
hypothalamus
what temperature is considered a fever?
38C or 100.4F
