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Physiology > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

this is 2 layers of peritoneum that has loose CT in between and holds organs in place

A

mesenteries

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2
Q

this layer of the GI tract is the protective outer layer that is continuous with mesentery and peritoneum and contains nerves, lymph, and blood vessels

A

serosa

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3
Q

this layer of the GI tract has circular and longitudinal muscles

A

muscularis

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4
Q

this layer of the GI tract has glands and vessels around the lumen

A

mucosa and submucosa

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5
Q

this layer faces the lumen of the GI tract

A

mucosal layer

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6
Q

this layer of the GI tract faces the blood

A

serosal

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7
Q

PS innervation of upper GI tract

A

vagus nerve

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8
Q

PS innervation of lower GI tract

A

pelvic nerve

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9
Q

for PS innervation of the GI tract, postganglionic may be cholinergic or…

A

peptidergic

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10
Q

this innervation of the GI system controls chyme osmolarity and acidity and concentration of specific digestion products

A

intrinsic/ enteric

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11
Q

hormones of the GI tract include…

A

gastrin, CCK and secretin

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12
Q

paracrine molecules of the GI tract include…

A

histamin and somatostatin

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13
Q

these molecules are used in the GI tract for direct control

A

neurocrines

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14
Q

glucose
fructose
galactose
are what type of carb?

A

monosaccharides

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15
Q

sucrose
maltose
lactose
are what type of carb?

A

disaccharides

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16
Q

statch
glycogen
cellulose
are what type of carb?

A

polysaccharide

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17
Q

what are three major types of lipids?

A

triglycerides
cholesterol
phospholipids

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18
Q

this phase of digestion includes smelling, seeing, or thinking about food

A

cephalic phase

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19
Q

this phase of digestion occurs in the stomach

A

gastric phase

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20
Q

this phase of digestion occurs in the small and large intestines

A

intestinal phase

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21
Q

these types of teeth bite or cut off food

A

incisors and canines

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22
Q

this type of tooth grinds food

A

molar-type

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23
Q

this reflex controls basic movements involved in chewing and is from the medulla

A

mastication reflex

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24
Q

chewing food increases ______

A

surface area

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25
Q

this salivary gland is the largest and is anterior to the ear

A

parotid

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26
Q

this salivary gland is on the posterior half of the inferior mandible and the duct enters the oral cavity laterally to the lingual frenulum

A

submandibular

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27
Q

this salivary gland is the smallest and is under the tongue

A

sublingual

28
Q

saliva is high in ____ but low in ____ and ____

A

K+
Na+ and Cl-

29
Q

true or false: saliva contains HCO3- buffers

A

true

30
Q

is saliva production mainly PS or sympathetic?

A

PS

31
Q

what main enzymes are produced and released in the oral cavity?

A

amylase
lipase

32
Q

what glands release lipase?

A

sublingual glands

33
Q

what activates lipase?

A

stomach acid

34
Q

this sphincter involved in swallowing is striated and is conscious control

A

upper esophageal sphincter

35
Q

this sphincter involved in swallowing has no conscious control

A

lower esophageal sphincter

36
Q

in this phase of swallowing, the bolus of food moves from the oral cavity to the pharynx

A

voluntary oral phase

37
Q

in this phase of swallowing, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes for the food bolus and the epiglottis is tipped posteriorly to block the trachea

A

pharyngeal phase

38
Q

in this phase of swallowing, stretching of the food bolus causes peristalsis and the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

esophageal phase

39
Q

what 2 things do parietal cells release?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

40
Q

what conversion does HCl aid in?

A

pepsinogen–> pepsin

41
Q

are carbs broken down in the stomach?

A

no, amylase is deactivated by HCl

42
Q

what is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?

A

protection from HCl

43
Q

this molecule is released from parietal cells and binds with vitamin B12 which is necessary for RBC production

A

intrinsic factor

44
Q

lack of intrinsic factor can lead to what condition…

A

pernicious anemia

45
Q

what do ECL cells release?

A

histamine

46
Q

what do chief cells release?

A

pepsinogen

47
Q

what do G-cells release?

A

gastrin

48
Q

what is the order of stimulation of the stomach cells?

A

G-cells
ECL cells
parietal cells
chief cells

49
Q

this refers to a rebound increase of HCO3- in the blood with increased stomach acid production

A

alkaline tide

50
Q

an alkaline tide can _______ (+/-) plasma and urinary pH

A

increase

51
Q

what are 4 agents that inhibit HCl secretion?

A

PPIs
H2 antagonists
PS antagonists
Prostaglandins

52
Q

this syndrome is due to a gastrin-secreting tumor that causes high circulating levels of gastrin

A

zollinger-ellison syndrome

53
Q

in zollinger-ellison syndrome, an overactivation of H+ release leads to what 2 issues…

A

duodenal ulcers
reduced pancreatic lipase production

54
Q

what do D-cells secrete and what triggers it?

A

somatostatin is triggered by low stomach pH

55
Q

what is the function of somatostatin?

A

inhibit stomach hormone activation and H+ secretion

56
Q

list the amount of time each macromolecule spends in the stomach from least time to most.

A

carbs
proteins
lipids

57
Q

this type of cell in the intestine lines the lumen and secretes mucus

A

goblet cell

58
Q

what part of the digestive tract is more susceptible to ulcers?

A

duodenum- H+ from the stomach

59
Q

what hormones are released as a part of the enterogastric reflex when the duodenum senses stretch, acidity, and fats?

A

secretin
CCK

60
Q

this is released from s-cells due to low stomach pH and causes the release of HCO3- from the pancreas

A

secretin

61
Q

this is released as part of the enterogastric reflex due to presence of fats and amino acids and stimulates these 3 major functions…

A

release of enzymes from pancreas
release of bile by liver and gallbladder
reduces rate of stomach emptying

62
Q

what type of cell releases CCK?

A

I-cells

63
Q

this is the primary stimulant for enzymatic secretion in the intestinal phase

A

CCK

64
Q

what structure forms the brush border?

A

microvilli

65
Q

this is a microenvironment for enzyme release and digestion/ absorption

A

brush border

Physiology (18 decks)

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