quiz 8 Flashcards
reflexes
involuntary movement reactions elicited by such forms of sensory stimuli as sounds, light, touch, & body position
spontaneous movements
stereotypic repetitive motions that appear in the absence of any known stimuli
-cannot be characterized as voluntary, goal-oriented motor behaviors
-no apparent purpose
rudimentary behavior
-initial voluntary movement response
-appear in a predictable sequence
- postural control
-rudimentary location
-manual control
voluntary, goal-oriented motor behaviors
prehension
initial voluntary use of the hands as characterized by seizing or grasping
intentional
manipulation
this is the skillful use of the hands, such as stringing beads or threading a needle
-not seen until middle childhood
manual control
encompasses both descriptors by referring to the developmental characteristics of hand movement
-reaching, grasping, & releasing
what are reflexes controlled by?
movement responses of body controlled in subcortical areas
what reflexes persist throughout life?
blinking, sneezing, etc
what is the importance of reflexes?
stimulates the CNS & muscles
-play a role in infant survival
-used as a diagnostic tool for assessing neurological maturity
what are the types of reflexes?
-primitive
-postural
-locomotor
-tendon reflexes
primitive reflexes
-instincts for survival & protection
postural reflexes
-reaction to gracity
locomotive reflxes
-resemble voluntary locomotion
tendon reflexes
-used to evaluate neuromuscular response
what are some examples of primitive reflexes?
-sucking
-rooting
-moro
-grasping
-tonic neck
what are some postural reflexes?
-gravitational forces & changes in equilibrium
-righting of the body
-labyrinthine righting reflex
-pull-up reflex
-parachute reflex
moro reflex
-primitive
-protective response if an infant begins to fall they extend arms & legs outward, hands open, fingers spread
planter grasp/babinski reflex
-primitive
-involuntary response to stroke stimulation along sole of infant’s foot
-pressure causes baby to attempt to to grasp object (plantar grasp) or fan out reflexively & extend toes (babinski)
locomotor reflex example
-resemble later voluntary locomotive movements
-crawling
-walking (stepping)
-swimming
what are some common stereotypies
-alternate leg kicking
-single leg kicking
-arm waving with object
-rocking on hands & knees
-arm banging against a surface
-finger flex
crawling & creeping & walking (locomotion)
-crawling: dragging body along the ground
-creeping: moving with abdomen clear of the ground
-walking: with support at 9-10 months, alone at 12-14 mo, perfect at 4-5 yr
walking pattern (236)
8 points
locomotion- dynamic systems research
- self-organizing behaviors “emerge,” not pre-set
- balance and strength are critical
subsystems (rate controllers)
coralling
to pull an object in
palmar grasp
without thumb opposed, uses thumb & fingers to hold against palm
pseudo thumb position
thumb opposes fingers, but not finger tips
pincer grasp
advanced, thumb to forefingers
motor asymmetries
-brain lateralization
-lateral (hemispheric) preference/dominance
-prenatal/infant
-before birth, reflexes & spontaneous movements
-functional asymmetries: handedness, footedness, eye preference
functional asymmetirs
handedness, footedness, eye preference
what is tendon reflex used for?
-assessment tool
-used to evaluate neuromuscular response
non-goal-directed manual control
-involuntary grasping
-spontaneous arm & hand movements
-parallel voluntary efforts
goal-directed manual control
-4-5 months
-coralling
-with experience, learn to adjust grasping
what term describes involuntary movements?
reflexes
what type of reflex is associated with the infants instinct for survival & protection?
primitive
spontaneous movements vs reflexive movements
-spontaneous movements happen without a stimulus
-reflexive movements are elicited by sensory stimuli (light, sound, touch, body position)
what term describes locomotion as dragging the prone body along the ground ?
crawling
the act of moving the body along slowly & close to the ground on the hands & knees is called?
creeping
what is marking time
using the same foot for each step while walking up stairs
