quiz 11 (new book chp 12) Flashcards
cognitive state
beginner focuses on cognitively-oriented problems
-the beginning or initial stage on the learning stages continuum
associative state
learners cognitive stage change due to cues from the environment
autonomous state
final stage where the skill is automatic
-often complete another task at the same time
nonregulatory conditions
characteristics of the performance environment that do not
influence the movement characteristics required to achieve an action goal.
fixation
-second stage for learning closed motor skills
-learners refine movement
patterns so that they can produce them correctly, consistently, and
efficiently from trial to trial.
diversification
learners acquire the capability to
modify the movement pattern according to environmental context characteristics.
-in the second stage for learning open skills
power law of practice
mathematical law describing the negatively accelerating change in
rate of performance improvement during skill learning;
- large amounts of improvement occur during early practice, but smaller improvement rates characterize further practice.
freezing the degrees of freedom
to hold some joints regid, stiff, or still while the performer performs the skill
what does the initial stage from gentile involve?
-movement coordination pattern acquirement
-learn to discriminate between regulatory & non-regulatory conditions
what does the later stage from gentile involve?
-adapting
—to meet demands of skill goal
-consistency
—practice
-economy of effort
—complete goal with least energy
what is the unique feature of the second stage from gentile?
learners movement goals depends on the type of skill
-closed skills require fixation
-open skills require diversification
do stages of learning models have distinct characteristics at each stage?
yes
are observable changes noted for both the person & the skill performance?
yes
what are two benefit provided for looking at the performer & performance changes across the stages of learning?
-provides a closer look at the skill learning process
-helps explain why instruction or training strategies need to be developed for people in different learning stages
what are the characteristics of performers & performance changes across learning?
- changes in rate of improvement
—practice makes perfect - changes in movement coordination
—degrees of freedom problem - changes in altering an old or preferred coordination pattern
—changing old ways - ## changes in muscles used to perform the skill
- changes in energy cost
—efficiency - changes in visual selective attention
—beginners look at too many things - changes in conscious attention with performing a skill
—beginners focus on every step in process - changes in error detection & correction capability
—as visual & conscious attention focus improve, we detect our own errors and make corrections - changes in brain activity: plasticity
—brain goes through structural and functional changes, brain uses less brain activity with expertise
what do we use in practice during the first stage of learning?
visual feedback
-we continue to use this even after we become more skilled
what does proteau suggest about sensory feedback?
people become dependent on sensory feedback because it becomes part of how the brain remembers the skill
when is someone expert?
-after intense practice of 10 years
-deliberate practice
-is domain specific (little transfer to another field where there is no experience)
do experts use vision?
yes
what three approaches have been used to predict if early learning leads to later achievement?
- correlating initial & later performance
- inter-trial correlation
- the relationship between motor abilities & the stages of learning
what are the three stages of the fitss & posner model?
-cognitive stage
-associative stage
-autonomous
what must a novice learner due to learn?
freeze the degrees of freedom in the movement
what are the two characteristics that change in the muscles (from EMG results) when a person is going through the process of changing the preferred coordination pattern?
- more muscles are used than are necessary
- timing of activating muscle groups are incorrect
