quiz 4 Flashcards
VO2 max
maximum amount of O2 an individual can use per unit of time
aerobic power
determined by VO2 max
with oxygen
-get energy for the work from ATP
-swimming, cross country skiing, cycling, long distance running
anaerobic power
maximum rate at which metabolic processes occur without additional oxygen
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped per unit of time
- the rate blood is pumped (heart rate) and quantity ejected with each stroke (stroke volume)
- heart rate is major contributor
vital capacity
total volume of air that can be expired voluntarily following maximal inspiration
BMR
minimum amount of energy to sustain body’s vital functions in the waking state
basal metabolic rate refers to the amount of heat produced by the body during resting conditions
muscular strength
the maximum force or tension generated by a muscle or muscle groups in a single maximum contraction
muscular endurance
the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions
flexibility
the degree of ability to move body parts through a range of motion without undue strain
what is thermoregulation?
the body’s ability to regulate heat in the context of exercise
-evaporation & convective
what are the ways of dissipation?
convective: increasing blood flow to the skin
evaporation: increasing sweat rate for evaporative cooling which is more effective
what is the function of the cardiorespiratory system?
involuntary muscles pump blood through body
what is the function of the respiratory system?
lungs: exchange of air
bronchi: conduct air
what is the trend of aerobic power?
it increases with growth then slowly declines
- Peak at 18-25 years
- related to lean mass/heredity
what is the maximum oxygen uptake for aerobic power related to?
-lean body mass
-heredity
what can improve aerobic capacity?
training at all ages
-interval training
what is the trend of anaerobic power?
-young children have lower capacity & it increases all the way up to early adulthood
-up to 40% loss with advanced age
—loss of muscle mass
—loss of type 2 fibers
-glycolysis
-maximum effort for less than 1minute
what is glycolic capacity?
resting concentration of glycogen & the rate at which lactate is produced & utilized
what is heart rate commonly used to measure
cardiovascular response
what is the trend with HR?
-women have higher HR than men (5 beats)
-decreases as you age
what is the trend with vital capacity?
- increases with age & is related to body size
what is pulmonary ventilation?
it is the movement of air in & out of the pulmonary system
what is blood volume related to?
body size
what is the blood volume at both birth & adulthood?
birth: 85 ml per kg
adult: 75-77 ml per kg
what is the function of hemoglobin?
combine reversibility with oxygen which allows red blood cells to collect O2 from lungs & deliver it to the tissues
when are red blood cells produced?
by the second fetal week
what is the androgenic effect?
males have higher hemoglobin levels due to androgens
-allows them to have increased anaerobic capacity
what is the lifespan of RBC?
infants: 90 days
adults: 120 days
what is blood pressure?
the product of cardiac output & peripheral vascular resistance
- systolic: top number, how hard heart is working & strain on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
- diastolic: indication of the peripheral resistance or the ease with which the blood flows into the capillaries
what is the exercise effect on systolic & diastolic?
systolic can be effected by exercise
diastolic number doesnt change with activity
what is the trend with BMR?
- amount of heat produced during rest decreases with age
- Males have 5-10% higher BMR
values at all ages
why is BMR higher for males?
engine is running more all the time
-females have more fat tissue
-fat less metabolically active than lean body tissue
what is the trend for muscular strength?
- it increases with age and is related to body size
- males have more due to their lean body type (bc androgens)
- peaks at 25-29 years old
- there is a regression of about 25-30%
what are the types of muscular strength?
- isometric (static) - dynamometer
- isotonic (dynamic) - weight lifting one rep at max
- isokinetic contraction - muscles shortens at constant velocity (machines set at certain speed & resistance levels)
what is muscular endurance measured by?
sit-ups, push-ups, pull-ups, dynamometer
what is muscular endurance?
ability to sustain muscular work
-primary component is muscular strength
what is the trend of flexibility?
- it increases with age until early adolescence
- flexibility declines across adulthood, most significantly after age 50
how can we test flexibility?
the sit & reach test
what are the 5 conclusions from research about flexibility?
- specific to each joint
- not related to length of limbs
- strength development doesnt hinder range of motion
- activity levels are better indictor of flexibility than age
- females are more flexible
when is peak physiological function?
30 yrs old
how much does cardiorespiratory function decline a year between ages 30 & 70?
-0.75 - 1% per year
-about 30% by age 70
who maintains a higher level of function?
active people
-but regression is inevitable
what is the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness?
VO2 max
what are the three ener sources of ATP?
- phosphogens
- glycolysis —> lactic acid
- kreb’s cycle <— this is the one for aerobic
decrease in stroke volume = a decrease in cardiac output which would increase heart rate
vital capacity formula
title volume + reserve volume
children vs adults thermoregulation:
children: tolerate exercise & heat lest efficiently than adults, sweat glands develop over time, use convection heat loss
