quiz 3 Flashcards
somatotype
classification of body types based on physique.
endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph
ossification
when flexible cartilage is replaced by bone
body mass
Body weight and body composition are terms frequently used to describe an individual’s body mass.
all components of weight
biological age
generally provides a better method
for estimating maturity by providing information that may be compared with the individual’s age.
includes morphological age, dental age, sexual age (menarche), and skeletal age.
chronological age
the age of an individual in relationship to standard calendar days.
-based on day, month, year that you were born
secular trend
As a group, today’s population is taller and heavier and matures earlier than the population of generations past.
These observations are referred to as secular trend.
anthropology
The study of the nature, distribution, and significance of biological variation in humans
Anthropometry
The study of biological growth and
body measurement
what is the age of viability?
7 months
what period presents the greatest variation in human growth & development?
the prenatal period presents the greatest variation in human growth & development
what is the order of prenatal growth events?
conception-germinal period-embryonic period-fetal period-
what age is the female growth spurt?
10-13 years old
what age is the male growth spurt?
12-15 years old
what influences growth spurt?
genetics & hormones
what are the different somatotypes?
endomorphy- soft & round in contour
mesomorphy- well defines muscularity & balanced body
ectomorphy- leanest body type
do men or women have lower centers of gravity?
females have lower center of gravity resulting in better performance w balance
as well as wider hips
what changes in males in the growth spurt?
wider shoulders
taller & heavier
gain in lean body weight
longer forearms & legs
what is perhaps the most accurate estimate of physical maturity?
skeletal age
what is the average birth height?
20 in
what age is the fastest rate of growth?
first year of life
increase in height by 50%
who reaches full height first, males or females?
females
bone loss in women
- starts at 30 yrs old
- 25-30% lost by 70 yrs old
bone loss in males
- starts at 50 yrs old
- 12-15% by 70 yrs old
how many inches of height is lost between 35 & 75 years old?
1-2 inches
how much does the body weight increase by 1 yr old?
it triples
how much does the body weight increase by 10 yrs old?
50%
how does body fat grow?
both in number (hyperplasia) & in size (hypertrophy)
what produces growth hormones?
pituitary gland signaled by hypothalamus & produced GH (growth hormone) which stimulates adolescent growth spurt
- puberty begins from increased levels of hormones (estrogen & androgen) enter blood due to signal in hypothalamus
- those signals instruct pituitary to release GH & stimulate production of thyroxine & sex hormones (from gonads)
- Together, GH and thyroxine contribute strongly to the tremendous gain in body size and the completion of skeletal maturation during puberty
what is the body size relative to?
the head
body composition
ratio of lean body mass to percent body fat
what are the techniques for measuring body composition?
most accurate: underwater weighing
radiograph
we use biological impedance
can use body mass index (ratio of height to weight- not super accurate since it does’nt tell us what the weight is made up of)
anorexia
low bmi but high body fat
what are the three critical periods for development of obesity?
-the prenatal period
-4-6 years old
-adolescent (especially true for females)
in adulthood are fat cells increased or just grown in size?
they are fixed in number, only growing in size except for cases of extreme obesity
fiber types (at birth)
type 1 (slow-twitch/ aerobic) 50%
–fatigue resistant
type 2 (fast-twitch/ anaerobic) 25%
–fatigue quickly
transitional -25%
–will develop into 1 or 2 based off of training during adolescence
maturity variations
biological clock
–early & late maturers (defined based off of chronological age. 20% difference from mean skeletal age variation)
-advantages & disadvantages
-disadvantages: treated older than are but appear older than are, slower ppl are bullied
what are the implications for motor performance?
-body weight & length at birth in relationship to how fast they will learn to walk
-increase in % body fat results in decrease in locomotive performance
-somatotype affects strength performance activities (mesomorph & endomorph will do strength activities, ectomorph cant perform to same level)
-gender differences where females have better balance & males have narrow hips & wider shoulder & higher gravity can jump further)
-secular trends
what is the definition of secular trends?
todays population is taller, heavier, & matures earlier than past generations
children have more body fat & are less active
what are the components of body mass
-body weight
-body composition
what happens other than growth-spurt
-motor skills
-gender differences
