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quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

-core of all information processing models
-prereq to the perception of info

limited attention: only attend to one thing at a time mentally
serial: attending to one thing, & then another

-individuals limited capacity to process info
-selective attention
-alertness & preparation

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2
Q

reaction time

A

the interval of time between the onset of a stimulus & the initiation of a response

-basic measure of processing speed (bits per second)

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3
Q

memory

A

about LTM & STM

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4
Q

contextual learning

A

the ability to recall info based on the context or environment in which it was learned

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5
Q

processing speed

A

the rate of speed at which info is processed

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6
Q

programming

A

cognitive processing that results in the formulation of a thought, cognitive expression, or motor program

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7
Q

motor program

A

memory representation of a class of action responsible for producing a unique pattern of motor activity if the program is executed

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8
Q

alertness

A

-preparation of the system
-reaction time (RT)

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9
Q

explain divided attention

A

-limited capacity to handle info from the environment
-capacity must be divided so person can execute specific movement activity
-interference occurs if another activity requires resources
-differences in attending to tasks due to automation and attention deployment skills

-splitting your attention between multiple things

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10
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to attend to relevant info
-paying attention to one thing

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11
Q

what is an example of selective attention

A

the cocktail party effect
-at event & you hear your name across the room

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12
Q

what is memory

A

retention & subsequent retrieval of info

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13
Q

what are two the types of memory? !

A

recognition
–noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced

recall
–more advanced form of memory; involved remembering a stimulus that is not present

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14
Q

what are the different components of memory?

A

-short term (working)
-long-term

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15
Q

explain short-term memory

A

-limited capacity
-storage duration of 60 seconds
- recall 7+-2 items
-chunking helps

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16
Q

what is the duration of short term memory and the amount?

A

60 seconds
7 +-2

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17
Q

what can help with STM

A

chunking

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18
Q

explain long term memory

A

-unlimited capacity
-long-term, permanent
-unlimited in duration

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19
Q

what is the duration of LTM?

A

unlimited duration. hours, days, years

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20
Q

what is the capacity of LTM?

A

seemingly unlimited

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21
Q

explain early processing abilities

A

-recognition memory (after birth)
-habituation
-dishabituation
-recall (conscious) memory is short-term

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22
Q

what is habituation?

A

reaction to a stimulus declines with familiarity

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23
Q

what is dishabituation?

A

renewed responsiveness to a new stimulus

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24
Q

cued recall/contextual learning

A

infant kicking experiments; evidence for contextual learning

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25
what are the short term memory abilities
-improves to early adolescence -memory span increases from about two digits in 2-and 3-year-olds to 7 1/2 digits in adults -location easier to recall than distance -coding, searching, & recalling strategies are difficult for children
26
is location or distance easier to recall?
location
27
what are the long-term memory abilites?
-age 2= LTM -there is little LTM loss with continuous motor skills (bike) -memory is more easily lost with discreet motor tasks like kicking & throwing
28
what is metamemory?
-knowledge or intuition that people have about themselves as memorizers
29
what do you need for successful motor performance?
-perceptual recognition -speed of memory functions -neuromuscular response time
30
what is simple reaction time?
when an individual is asked to respond only to one stimulus
31
what is choice reaction time?
when individual is asked to respond to more complex info
32
what is Hick's law
Reaction time increases as information load (complexity) increases
33
what is Fitt's law?
-speed-accuracy trade-off -when performers attempt to do something more quickly, they typically do it less accurately
34
schema theory
-motor programs stored in memory are not specific records of the movements to be performed -set of general rules, concepts, & relationships (schemas) to guide performance in keeping with the concept of GMP (generalized motor program)
35
what is motor schema?
storage of "movement elements" & the relationship of those elements to each other
36
explain coordinative structures
-motor programs control grouping of muscles with associated joints rather than individual -degreed of freedom (full possible movement action) -syngergies (muscle grouping)
37
what is coordination?
process by which an individual constrains, or condenses, the available degrees of freedom into the smallest number necessary to achieve goals -least amount of movement to save energy to be efficient (bike)
38
explain dynamic systems
-how motor control emerges & unfolds developmentally -movement emerges from self-organizing properties -rate controller (limiter) organizes systems for task -subsystems- mechanical interactions -phase shift -environment & demands of the task influence development
39
what is phase shift
-discontinuities occur in performance
40
what is emergence of coordinates movement closely tied to? neuronal group selection
growth of musculoskeletal system & development of the brain -changes in brain circuitry which controls synergies (neuronal grouping/wiring)
41
how to acquire movement skills
-brain & body are not pre-wired for skilled movement, they have self-organizing properties that adjust for biological & environmental contexts (affordances)
42
how do infants acquire new movement skills?
-coupling of perception & action -development of adaptable & functional movement synergies (exploring environment) -phase shifts in which new movement patters are explored & selected
43
what are self-organizing properties demonstrated by?
conjoined twins -they share motor acts where one twin controls left & the other controls right motor programming: twins learned to walk at 15 months & can ride bike & swim
44
what are the changes with aging?
-processing speed & movement time slow -general slowing of body with advances aging: psychomotor slowing -decrease attention, memory, programming
45
people are worse are memory who dont have good processing strategies. its not that they are bad at remembering, but its that they have a bad processing strategy
46
what is cued recall
the ability to remember based on que that has been provided
47
what things are involved in schema theory?
-recall schema -recognition schema -motor schema
48
newell's constraint model
individual constraints task constraints -free throw 10 ft from basket environmental constrains -someone plants feet in fron of layup
49
what is response time
the movement time combined with reaction time
50
selective attention vs divided attention
51
what are five most imporant points from chapter
52
could you explain info process theory/model
stimuli, receptors, CNS, motor response
53
could you define attention
cognitive process of specifically focusing on info in the environment
54
could you name & explain three concepts associated with attention & motor behavior
-alertness and preparation –limited capacity to process information –Selective attention
55
define memory
retention & retrieval of info
56
could you name & explain two types of memory
recognition & recall
57
list the two memory strucutres & component parts
LTM & STM
58
explain difference between processing speed & movement time
movement time: time required to complete a response processing speed: the speed of which you process something
59
as regarding research, how is rxn time tested
choice & simple reaction
60
could you explain Hicks law & Fitts law
Hicks- harder task= longer rxn time Fitts- the quicker you try to a task, the greater that you have errors
61
what is programming
the cognitive processing that results in memory, cognitive behavior, or motor program
62
how does age effect movement skill
slows everything down
63
schema types
motor schema: ability to perform or do motor movement recall schema recognition schema

motor learning & development (31 decks)

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