quiz 7 Flashcards
attention
-core of all information processing models
-prereq to the perception of info
limited attention: only attend to one thing at a time mentally
serial: attending to one thing, & then another
-individuals limited capacity to process info
-selective attention
-alertness & preparation
reaction time
the interval of time between the onset of a stimulus & the initiation of a response
-basic measure of processing speed (bits per second)
memory
about LTM & STM
contextual learning
the ability to recall info based on the context or environment in which it was learned
processing speed
the rate of speed at which info is processed
programming
cognitive processing that results in the formulation of a thought, cognitive expression, or motor program
motor program
memory representation of a class of action responsible for producing a unique pattern of motor activity if the program is executed
alertness
-preparation of the system
-reaction time (RT)
explain divided attention
-limited capacity to handle info from the environment
-capacity must be divided so person can execute specific movement activity
-interference occurs if another activity requires resources
-differences in attending to tasks due to automation and attention deployment skills
-splitting your attention between multiple things
selective attention
the ability to attend to relevant info
-paying attention to one thing
what is an example of selective attention
the cocktail party effect
-at event & you hear your name across the room
what is memory
retention & subsequent retrieval of info
what are two the types of memory? !
recognition
–noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced
recall
–more advanced form of memory; involved remembering a stimulus that is not present
what are the different components of memory?
-short term (working)
-long-term
explain short-term memory
-limited capacity
-storage duration of 60 seconds
- recall 7+-2 items
-chunking helps
what is the duration of short term memory and the amount?
60 seconds
7 +-2
what can help with STM
chunking
explain long term memory
-unlimited capacity
-long-term, permanent
-unlimited in duration
what is the duration of LTM?
unlimited duration. hours, days, years
what is the capacity of LTM?
seemingly unlimited
explain early processing abilities
-recognition memory (after birth)
-habituation
-dishabituation
-recall (conscious) memory is short-term
what is habituation?
reaction to a stimulus declines with familiarity
what is dishabituation?
renewed responsiveness to a new stimulus
cued recall/contextual learning
infant kicking experiments; evidence for contextual learning
what are the short term memory abilities
-improves to early adolescence
-memory span increases from about two digits in 2-and 3-year-olds to 7 1/2 digits in adults
-location easier to recall than distance
-coding, searching, & recalling strategies are difficult for children
is location or distance easier to recall?
location
what are the long-term memory abilites?
-age 2= LTM
-there is little LTM loss with continuous motor skills (bike)
-memory is more easily lost with discreet motor tasks like kicking & throwing
what is metamemory?
-knowledge or intuition that people have about themselves as memorizers
what do you need for successful motor performance?
-perceptual recognition
-speed of memory functions
-neuromuscular response time
what is simple reaction time?
when an individual is asked to respond only to one stimulus
what is choice reaction time?
when individual is asked to respond to more complex info
what is Hick’s law
Reaction time increases as
information load (complexity)
increases
what is Fitt’s law?
-speed-accuracy trade-off
-when performers attempt to do something more quickly, they typically do it less accurately
schema theory
-motor programs stored in memory are not specific records of the movements to be performed
-set of general rules, concepts, & relationships (schemas) to guide performance in keeping with the concept of GMP (generalized motor program)
what is motor schema?
storage of “movement elements” & the relationship of those elements to each other
explain coordinative structures
-motor programs control grouping of muscles with associated joints rather than individual
-degreed of freedom (full possible movement action)
-syngergies (muscle grouping)
what is coordination?
process by which an individual constrains, or condenses, the available degrees of freedom into the smallest number necessary to achieve goals
-least amount of movement to save energy to be efficient (bike)
explain dynamic systems
-how motor control emerges & unfolds developmentally
-movement emerges from self-organizing properties
-rate controller (limiter) organizes systems for task
-subsystems- mechanical interactions
-phase shift
-environment & demands of the task influence development
what is phase shift
-discontinuities occur in performance
what is emergence of coordinates movement closely tied to? neuronal group selection
growth of musculoskeletal system & development of the brain
-changes in brain circuitry which
controls synergies (neuronal
grouping/wiring)
how to acquire movement skills
-brain & body are not pre-wired for skilled movement, they have self-organizing properties that adjust for biological & environmental contexts (affordances)
how do infants acquire new movement skills?
-coupling of perception & action
-development of adaptable & functional movement synergies (exploring environment)
-phase shifts in which new movement patters are explored & selected
what are self-organizing properties demonstrated by?
conjoined twins
-they share motor acts where one twin controls left & the other controls right
motor programming: twins learned to walk at 15 months & can ride bike & swim
what are the changes with aging?
-processing speed & movement time slow
-general slowing of body with advances aging: psychomotor slowing
-decrease attention, memory, programming
people are worse are memory who dont have good processing strategies. its not that they are bad at remembering, but its that they have a bad processing strategy
what is cued recall
the ability to remember based on que that has been provided
what things are involved in schema theory?
-recall schema
-recognition schema
-motor schema
newell’s constraint model
individual constraints
task constraints
-free throw 10 ft from basket
environmental constrains
-someone plants feet in fron of layup
what is response time
the movement time combined with reaction time
selective attention vs divided attention
what are five most imporant points from chapter
could you explain info process theory/model
stimuli, receptors, CNS, motor response
could you define attention
cognitive process of specifically focusing on info in the environment
could you name & explain three concepts associated with attention & motor behavior
-alertness and preparation
–limited capacity to process information
–Selective attention
define memory
retention & retrieval of info
could you name & explain two types of memory
recognition & recall
list the two memory strucutres & component parts
LTM & STM
explain difference between processing speed & movement time
movement time: time required to complete a response
processing speed: the speed of which you process something
as regarding research, how is rxn time tested
choice & simple reaction
could you explain Hicks law & Fitts law
Hicks- harder task= longer rxn time
Fitts- the quicker you try to a task, the greater that you have errors
what is programming
the cognitive processing that results in memory, cognitive behavior, or motor program
how does age effect movement skill
slows everything down
schema types
motor schema: ability to perform or do motor movement
recall schema
recognition schema
