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motor learning & development > quiz 7 > Flashcards

quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

-core of all information processing models
-prereq to the perception of info

limited attention: only attend to one thing at a time mentally
serial: attending to one thing, & then another

-individuals limited capacity to process info
-selective attention
-alertness & preparation

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2
Q

reaction time

A

the interval of time between the onset of a stimulus & the initiation of a response

-basic measure of processing speed (bits per second)

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3
Q

memory

A

about LTM & STM

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4
Q

contextual learning

A

the ability to recall info based on the context or environment in which it was learned

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5
Q

processing speed

A

the rate of speed at which info is processed

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6
Q

programming

A

cognitive processing that results in the formulation of a thought, cognitive expression, or motor program

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7
Q

motor program

A

memory representation of a class of action responsible for producing a unique pattern of motor activity if the program is executed

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8
Q

alertness

A

-preparation of the system
-reaction time (RT)

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9
Q

explain divided attention

A

-limited capacity to handle info from the environment
-capacity must be divided so person can execute specific movement activity
-interference occurs if another activity requires resources
-differences in attending to tasks due to automation and attention deployment skills

-splitting your attention between multiple things

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10
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to attend to relevant info
-paying attention to one thing

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11
Q

what is an example of selective attention

A

the cocktail party effect
-at event & you hear your name across the room

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12
Q

what is memory

A

retention & subsequent retrieval of info

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13
Q

what are two the types of memory? !

A

recognition
–noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced

recall
–more advanced form of memory; involved remembering a stimulus that is not present

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14
Q

what are the different components of memory?

A

-short term (working)
-long-term

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15
Q

explain short-term memory

A

-limited capacity
-storage duration of 60 seconds
- recall 7+-2 items
-chunking helps

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16
Q

what is the duration of short term memory and the amount?

A

60 seconds
7 +-2

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17
Q

what can help with STM

A

chunking

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18
Q

explain long term memory

A

-unlimited capacity
-long-term, permanent
-unlimited in duration

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19
Q

what is the duration of LTM?

A

unlimited duration. hours, days, years

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20
Q

what is the capacity of LTM?

A

seemingly unlimited

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21
Q

explain early processing abilities

A

-recognition memory (after birth)
-habituation
-dishabituation
-recall (conscious) memory is short-term

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22
Q

what is habituation?

A

reaction to a stimulus declines with familiarity

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23
Q

what is dishabituation?

A

renewed responsiveness to a new stimulus

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24
Q

cued recall/contextual learning

A

infant kicking experiments; evidence for contextual learning

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25
Q

what are the short term memory abilities

A

-improves to early adolescence
-memory span increases from about two digits in 2-and 3-year-olds to 7 1/2 digits in adults
-location easier to recall than distance
-coding, searching, & recalling strategies are difficult for children

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26
Q

is location or distance easier to recall?

A

location

27
Q

what are the long-term memory abilites?

A

-age 2= LTM
-there is little LTM loss with continuous motor skills (bike)
-memory is more easily lost with discreet motor tasks like kicking & throwing

28
Q

what is metamemory?

A

-knowledge or intuition that people have about themselves as memorizers

29
Q

what do you need for successful motor performance?

A

-perceptual recognition
-speed of memory functions
-neuromuscular response time

30
Q

what is simple reaction time?

A

when an individual is asked to respond only to one stimulus

31
Q

what is choice reaction time?

A

when individual is asked to respond to more complex info

32
Q

what is Hick’s law

A

Reaction time increases as
information load (complexity)
increases

33
Q

what is Fitt’s law?

A

-speed-accuracy trade-off
-when performers attempt to do something more quickly, they typically do it less accurately

34
Q

schema theory

A

-motor programs stored in memory are not specific records of the movements to be performed
-set of general rules, concepts, & relationships (schemas) to guide performance in keeping with the concept of GMP (generalized motor program)

35
Q

what is motor schema?

A

storage of “movement elements” & the relationship of those elements to each other

36
Q

explain coordinative structures

A

-motor programs control grouping of muscles with associated joints rather than individual
-degreed of freedom (full possible movement action)
-syngergies (muscle grouping)

37
Q

what is coordination?

A

process by which an individual constrains, or condenses, the available degrees of freedom into the smallest number necessary to achieve goals

-least amount of movement to save energy to be efficient (bike)

38
Q

explain dynamic systems

A

-how motor control emerges & unfolds developmentally
-movement emerges from self-organizing properties
-rate controller (limiter) organizes systems for task
-subsystems- mechanical interactions
-phase shift
-environment & demands of the task influence development

39
Q

what is phase shift

A

-discontinuities occur in performance

40
Q

what is emergence of coordinates movement closely tied to? neuronal group selection

A

growth of musculoskeletal system & development of the brain

-changes in brain circuitry which
controls synergies (neuronal
grouping/wiring)

41
Q

how to acquire movement skills

A

-brain & body are not pre-wired for skilled movement, they have self-organizing properties that adjust for biological & environmental contexts (affordances)

42
Q

how do infants acquire new movement skills?

A

-coupling of perception & action
-development of adaptable & functional movement synergies (exploring environment)
-phase shifts in which new movement patters are explored & selected

43
Q

what are self-organizing properties demonstrated by?

A

conjoined twins
-they share motor acts where one twin controls left & the other controls right
motor programming: twins learned to walk at 15 months & can ride bike & swim

44
Q

what are the changes with aging?

A

-processing speed & movement time slow
-general slowing of body with advances aging: psychomotor slowing
-decrease attention, memory, programming

45
Q

people are worse are memory who dont have good processing strategies. its not that they are bad at remembering, but its that they have a bad processing strategy

A
46
Q

what is cued recall

A

the ability to remember based on que that has been provided

47
Q

what things are involved in schema theory?

A

-recall schema
-recognition schema
-motor schema

48
Q

newell’s constraint model

A

individual constraints
task constraints
-free throw 10 ft from basket
environmental constrains
-someone plants feet in fron of layup

49
Q

what is response time

A

the movement time combined with reaction time

50
Q

selective attention vs divided attention

A
51
Q

what are five most imporant points from chapter

A
52
Q

could you explain info process theory/model

A

stimuli, receptors, CNS, motor response

53
Q

could you define attention

A

cognitive process of specifically focusing on info in the environment

54
Q

could you name & explain three concepts associated with attention & motor behavior

A

-alertness and preparation
–limited capacity to process information
–Selective attention

55
Q

define memory

A

retention & retrieval of info

56
Q

could you name & explain two types of memory

A

recognition & recall

57
Q

list the two memory strucutres & component parts

A

LTM & STM

58
Q

explain difference between processing speed & movement time

A

movement time: time required to complete a response
processing speed: the speed of which you process something

59
Q

as regarding research, how is rxn time tested

A

choice & simple reaction

60
Q

could you explain Hicks law & Fitts law

A

Hicks- harder task= longer rxn time
Fitts- the quicker you try to a task, the greater that you have errors

61
Q

what is programming

A

the cognitive processing that results in memory, cognitive behavior, or motor program

62
Q

how does age effect movement skill

A

slows everything down

63
Q

schema types

A

motor schema: ability to perform or do motor movement
recall schema
recognition schema

motor learning & development (7 decks)

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