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motor learning & development > quiz 6 > Flashcards

quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

information processing (model)

A

stimuli
receptors
CNS
motion/movement

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2
Q

perception

A

process used to gather & interpret sensory information from the external & internal environments

gathering, monitoring, & interpreting sensory info

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3
Q

spatial orientation

A

the ability to recognize an object’s orientation or position in three-dimensional space

-our relationship to other objects & other people in space
- understanding where our limbs & body is in space

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4
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to judge the distance of an object from one’s self

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5
Q

visual-motor coordination

A

the ability to coordinate visual abilities with movements of the body
-task dependant

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6
Q

kinethesis

A

awareness of movement & body position

it involves the ability to discriminate positions & movements of body parts based on information that derives the individuals internal environment

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7
Q

body awareness

A

involves an awareness of body parts by name & location, their relationship to each other, & their capabilities & limitations

ability to..
 Shapes w body
 Balance or Weight Bearing
 Transfer of Body Weight from one area to another
 Flight (like jumping)

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8
Q

spatial awareness

A

the ability to draw inferences in relationship to self-space or position as well as object recognition

-personal space
-general space
-pathways

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9
Q

directional awareness

A

the conscious internal awareness of two sides of the body & the ability to identify various dimensions of external space & project the body within those dimensions

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10
Q

vestibular awareness

A

individuals ability to maintain equilibrium

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11
Q

rhythmic awareness

A

creating or maintaining a temporal pattern within a set of movements

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12
Q

how much percent of all all sensory
information is derived via visual
system?

A

80%

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13
Q

what does visual information do?

A
  • Formulate a motor program
  • monitor movement activity
  • provides feedback
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14
Q

what is the visual process?

A
  • eyes receive light and generate messages
  • visual pathways transmit those
    messages to brain
  • visual centers interpret those messages
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15
Q

are all visual structures there at birth?

A

yes, but several are immature

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16
Q

what do the eyes do between birth & maturity?

A

they double in size

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17
Q

what age can babies see as well as adults?

A

12 months

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18
Q

Static visual acuity

A
  • most common form of assessment
  • ability to detect detail in STATIONARY object
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19
Q

dynamic visual acuity

A
  • ability to perceive detail in a MOVING object
  • ability increases between ages 5 & 12
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20
Q

what age is dynamic visual activity as good as an adult?

A

12 yrs old

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21
Q

what is object permanence?

A

realization that objects continue to exist
when they are no longer in view

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22
Q

what are the ages/trends for object permanence?

A
  • under 4 months = none
  • 4-8 months= some recognition if object is partly visible
  • 8-12 months= signs of it, A-not-B error
  • 18 months-2yrs= recognize object is still there
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23
Q

what is figure-ground perception?

A

ability to distinguish an object from its
surrounding background

24
Q

what is the trend/ages for figure-ground?

A

– improves rapidly between ages of 4 and
8
– keeps improving through age 18

25
Q

what is the trend/ages for depth perception?

A
  • absent at birth
  • evidence of at 2-4 months
  • by age 12, adult-like depth perception
26
Q

visual cliff que

A

wont cross on glass table that gives perception that they will fall

27
Q

what is field of vision also know as ?

A

peripheral vision

28
Q

what is field of vision & what are the trends/ages?

A
  • the entire extent of the environment that can be seen without a change in the fixation of the eye
  • about 180º
  • basic development at 12 months
  • adult-like by 5 yrs old
29
Q

what is perception of movement?

A

Detection, tracking & interception of moving objects

30
Q

what are saccadic eye movements?

A

Rapid movements between one point of visual fixation and another—the process of focusing one’s gaze on something

31
Q

how long until infants can track something?

A

48 hrs

32
Q

how long until babies can track & predict the path of slow moving objects?

A

by 4 months

33
Q

what is coincident timing?

A

ability to coordinate visual and motor
behavior to a single coincident point
such as in catching a ball, kicking a ball,
etc.

34
Q

what is the trend for coincident timing?

A
  • improves up to young adulthood
  • amount of sports experienced better
    indicator of ability than age
35
Q

what is the trend for visual-motor coordination?

A

it is task dependent
- reaching at 7-14 months
- fine motor tasks at 3-8 years

36
Q

Kinesthetic Structure (tactile kinesthetic perception)

A
  • vestibular awareness (inner ear)
    – Muscle spindle receptors
    – Joint receptors
    – Golgi tendon organs
37
Q

what are the two parts of kinesthetic perception

A

kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity
- ability to detect differences and match
qualities such as location, distance, weight, force, speed
- approaches adult levels by age 8

kinesthetic memory
- ability to produce a movement
- mature stage reached after 12 years of age

38
Q

what are the applied aspects of kinesthetic perception?

A

 Body awareness
 Spatial awareness
 Directional awareness
 Vestibular awareness
 Temporal (rhythmic) awareness

39
Q

what is vestibular awareness

A

Equilibrium
– Postural balance
–Static balance
– Dynamic balance

40
Q

example of rhythmic awareness

A

–Keeping time to music
– Tapping hands or feet to stay in rhythm
with a sound or light
–Reproducing a pattern from memory
–Creating a rhythmic beat or pattern
without external stimulation

41
Q

what are the two major differences between rhythmic awareness & coincident timing?

A
  1. coincident timing occurs in
    unpredictable situations
  2. requires visual information for
    effective completion
42
Q

what is tactile perception?

A

Ability to detect and interpret
sensory information cutaneously
(through skin)

43
Q

what area of the fetus is sensitive to tactile stimulation?

A

facial area

44
Q

what is the trend of tactile perception?

A

-well developed by 5-8 yrs old
-after the age of 4, visual learning is
dominant over tactile

45
Q

does perception integration use more than one sensory system?

A

yes, it involves simultaneous use of more
than one sensory system
(intersensory)

46
Q

what is intermodal perception?

A

the ability to translate (perceive) information from 1 modality to another

47
Q

what is cross modal equivalence?

A

Recognition of a stimulus as an
equivalent (match) when they are
presented to 2 different modalities

48
Q

Visual-kinesthetic

A

2-3 weeks imitate, 5 years recognize
objects touched

49
Q

what is visual-auditory

A

when newborns turn to sound
-at 4 months they prefer film/sound track to match

50
Q

Auditory-kinesthetic (limited)

A

when child selects tactually by name

51
Q

Constructivist approach

A
  • Traditional view (e.g. Piaget)
  • holds that individuals have to make a
    “construction” based on sensory input
    and past experience, or that
    environment has no meaning without
    experience
52
Q

Gibson’s Ecological perspective

A

Holds that infants directly perceive and
act on information that exists in the
environment
– Individuals actively explore the
environment and experience rather than
having an experience
– Environment provides affordances
(opportunities for action)
-Action depends on task, developmental
level, experience, present need,
cognitive awareness
–Karen Adolph’s slopes experiment

53
Q

what is stimulation?

A

sensation of sensory receptors

54
Q

what are the two things we need to interpret info?

A
  1. need to know past experience or memory
  2. judgement of situations (cognitive analysis)
55
Q

what is visual acuity?

A

clearness of vision & ability to detect small stimuli/details

56
Q

A-not-B error

A

when a child continues to look for an object in a location where it was previously hidden, even though it has been moved to a new location

57
Q

what is perceptual constancy?

A

when someone begins to realize that an object is the same regardless of angle or distance from them

motor learning & development (8 decks)

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