quiz 6 Flashcards
information processing (model)
stimuli
receptors
CNS
motion/movement
perception
process used to gather & interpret sensory information from the external & internal environments
gathering, monitoring, & interpreting sensory info
spatial orientation
the ability to recognize an object’s orientation or position in three-dimensional space
-our relationship to other objects & other people in space
- understanding where our limbs & body is in space
depth perception
the ability to judge the distance of an object from one’s self
visual-motor coordination
the ability to coordinate visual abilities with movements of the body
-task dependant
kinethesis
awareness of movement & body position
it involves the ability to discriminate positions & movements of body parts based on information that derives the individuals internal environment
body awareness
involves an awareness of body parts by name & location, their relationship to each other, & their capabilities & limitations
ability to..
Shapes w body
Balance or Weight Bearing
Transfer of Body Weight from one area to another
Flight (like jumping)
spatial awareness
the ability to draw inferences in relationship to self-space or position as well as object recognition
-personal space
-general space
-pathways
directional awareness
the conscious internal awareness of two sides of the body & the ability to identify various dimensions of external space & project the body within those dimensions
vestibular awareness
individuals ability to maintain equilibrium
rhythmic awareness
creating or maintaining a temporal pattern within a set of movements
how much percent of all all sensory
information is derived via visual
system?
80%
what does visual information do?
- Formulate a motor program
- monitor movement activity
- provides feedback
what is the visual process?
- eyes receive light and generate messages
- visual pathways transmit those
messages to brain - visual centers interpret those messages
are all visual structures there at birth?
yes, but several are immature
what do the eyes do between birth & maturity?
they double in size
what age can babies see as well as adults?
12 months
Static visual acuity
- most common form of assessment
- ability to detect detail in STATIONARY object
dynamic visual acuity
- ability to perceive detail in a MOVING object
- ability increases between ages 5 & 12
what age is dynamic visual activity as good as an adult?
12 yrs old
what is object permanence?
realization that objects continue to exist
when they are no longer in view
what are the ages/trends for object permanence?
- under 4 months = none
- 4-8 months= some recognition if object is partly visible
- 8-12 months= signs of it, A-not-B error
- 18 months-2yrs= recognize object is still there
what is figure-ground perception?
ability to distinguish an object from its
surrounding background
what is the trend/ages for figure-ground?
– improves rapidly between ages of 4 and
8
– keeps improving through age 18
what is the trend/ages for depth perception?
- absent at birth
- evidence of at 2-4 months
- by age 12, adult-like depth perception
visual cliff que
wont cross on glass table that gives perception that they will fall
what is field of vision also know as ?
peripheral vision
what is field of vision & what are the trends/ages?
- the entire extent of the environment that can be seen without a change in the fixation of the eye
- about 180º
- basic development at 12 months
- adult-like by 5 yrs old
what is perception of movement?
Detection, tracking & interception of moving objects
what are saccadic eye movements?
Rapid movements between one point of visual fixation and another—the process of focusing one’s gaze on something
how long until infants can track something?
48 hrs
how long until babies can track & predict the path of slow moving objects?
by 4 months
what is coincident timing?
ability to coordinate visual and motor
behavior to a single coincident point
such as in catching a ball, kicking a ball,
etc.
what is the trend for coincident timing?
- improves up to young adulthood
- amount of sports experienced better
indicator of ability than age
what is the trend for visual-motor coordination?
it is task dependent
- reaching at 7-14 months
- fine motor tasks at 3-8 years
Kinesthetic Structure (tactile kinesthetic perception)
- vestibular awareness (inner ear)
– Muscle spindle receptors
– Joint receptors
– Golgi tendon organs
what are the two parts of kinesthetic perception
kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity
- ability to detect differences and match
qualities such as location, distance, weight, force, speed
- approaches adult levels by age 8
kinesthetic memory
- ability to produce a movement
- mature stage reached after 12 years of age
what are the applied aspects of kinesthetic perception?
Body awareness
Spatial awareness
Directional awareness
Vestibular awareness
Temporal (rhythmic) awareness
what is vestibular awareness
Equilibrium
– Postural balance
–Static balance
– Dynamic balance
example of rhythmic awareness
–Keeping time to music
– Tapping hands or feet to stay in rhythm
with a sound or light
–Reproducing a pattern from memory
–Creating a rhythmic beat or pattern
without external stimulation
what are the two major differences between rhythmic awareness & coincident timing?
- coincident timing occurs in
unpredictable situations - requires visual information for
effective completion
what is tactile perception?
Ability to detect and interpret
sensory information cutaneously
(through skin)
what area of the fetus is sensitive to tactile stimulation?
facial area
what is the trend of tactile perception?
-well developed by 5-8 yrs old
-after the age of 4, visual learning is
dominant over tactile
does perception integration use more than one sensory system?
yes, it involves simultaneous use of more
than one sensory system
(intersensory)
what is intermodal perception?
the ability to translate (perceive) information from 1 modality to another
what is cross modal equivalence?
Recognition of a stimulus as an
equivalent (match) when they are
presented to 2 different modalities
Visual-kinesthetic
2-3 weeks imitate, 5 years recognize
objects touched
what is visual-auditory
when newborns turn to sound
-at 4 months they prefer film/sound track to match
Auditory-kinesthetic (limited)
when child selects tactually by name
Constructivist approach
- Traditional view (e.g. Piaget)
- holds that individuals have to make a
“construction” based on sensory input
and past experience, or that
environment has no meaning without
experience
Gibson’s Ecological perspective
Holds that infants directly perceive and
act on information that exists in the
environment
– Individuals actively explore the
environment and experience rather than
having an experience
– Environment provides affordances
(opportunities for action)
-Action depends on task, developmental
level, experience, present need,
cognitive awareness
–Karen Adolph’s slopes experiment
what is stimulation?
sensation of sensory receptors
what are the two things we need to interpret info?
- need to know past experience or memory
- judgement of situations (cognitive analysis)
what is visual acuity?
clearness of vision & ability to detect small stimuli/details
A-not-B error
when a child continues to look for an object in a location where it was previously hidden, even though it has been moved to a new location
what is perceptual constancy?
when someone begins to realize that an object is the same regardless of angle or distance from them
