quiz 13 (chp.12 new book) Flashcards
modeling
the use of demonstration as a means of conveying info about how to perform a skill
-what someone demonstrates
observational learning
learning a skill by watching someone perform a skill
-what someones observes
verbal cues
what is demonstration?
a common method of providing information
what are two reasons for increased interest in demonstration?
phenomenal growth of the role of vision in skill learning
what does the observer perceive from a demonstration?
invariant features of the coordinated movement pattern to develop their own movement pattern to perform the skill
what two methods support that an observer perceives invariant features of the movement pattern to make their own?
-visual perception of motion
-investigation of the influence of demonstration on learning a complex
what leads to better skill learning than other instructional forms?
demonstration
what requires acquisition of a new pattern of coordination
the most important characterstic
what are two reasons that the demonstrator should perform the skill correctly?
- if the observer perceives the invariant movement patterns, the observer will more likley reproduce these patterns (correct or incorrect)
- observer perceives information about the strategy used by the model (expert) to solve the problem
why should novices observe other novices?
-beginners can derive learning benefits from unskilled demonstrators
-discourages the imitation of a skilled model’s performance
-encourages observer to engage in more active problem solving
how frequent should demonstration be given?
-it should precede practice
-instructor should continue to demonstrate during practice as frequently as necessary
what are the two theories of how observing demonstrations influences learning?
- cognitive mediation theories (bandura)
- dynamic view of modeling
what four sub-processes govern observational learning?
- attention process
- retention process
- behavior reproduction process
- motivation process
which method is more valid on how observing demonstrations influences learning?
no conclusive evidence that one is more valid than the other
dynamic view of modeling
j gibson
J. Gibson (1966, 1979) explained the benefit of observing a skilled model demonstrate a skill
– the visual system is capable of automatically processing the observed movement in a way
that constrains the motor control system to act accordingly, so that the person does not need to engage in cognitive mediation
what is considered just as important or commonly used as demonstrations when it comes to teaching motor skills?
verbal instructions
what are factors that are important for developing effective verbal instruction?
- amount of verbal instructions & attention
- focus on movement outcomes (action effect hypothesis)
- focus attention on invariant environmental contect regulatory conditions
- give verbal instructions that influence goal achievement strategies
- verbal cues should be short, concise phrases that can direct attention to the purpose
if a goal is based on timing or rhythm, what is important?
auditory modeling
